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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
A group of trees is called a forest : a holistic approach to study the anatomy and growth of Picea glauca
Get PDFForest ecosystems around the world and especially boreal forests, are facing
drastically changing climatic conditions. It is known that these changes could
challenge their functionality and vitality. Still, the exact impact is not fully
understood, as tree growth is a complex process and depends on countless
environmental and genetic factors. To estimate the effects of climate change
on tree growth and forest development precisely, we must learn more about
tree growth itself. A comprehensive approach is needed where trees and
forests are investigated on different scales and levels of detail, ranging from
global studies to studies on single individuals.
In this dissertation, I follow such a comprehensive approach, using the
North American conifer white spruce as an example. I present three papers
in the form of three chapters in which my co-authors and I studied the
growth and anatomy of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and how
it is influenced by environmental, climatic, and genetic factors.
We used diverse approaches and methods on different spatial scales, ranging from
investigations on the landscape to the local scale. We established three paired
plots with forest and treeline sites (two cold-limited and one drought-limited).
as well as one additional forest site. In the first chapter, we concentrated
on the genetic diversity of white spruce within and between populations at
all study sites throughout Alaska. The genetic investigations were combined
with analyses on the individual growth response of trees to climatic conditions
to find whether genetic similarities or spatial proximity caused similarities
in growth and climatic sensitivity. In the second chapter, we studied the
direct and indirect effects of environmental conditions on the xylem tissue
of white spruce. We analyzed the impact of precipitation, temperature, and
tree height on four xylem anatomical traits in trees growing at the three
treelines. The investigated traits represented the main functions of xylem
tissue (i.e., water transport and structural support). In the third chapter,
we investigated similar xylem anatomical traits at one cold-limited treeline.
We compared xylem anatomy and annual increment between genetic groups
and individuals and between spatial groups to investigate whether spatial or
genetic grouping influenced the anatomy and growth of white spruce.
We found an overall high gene flow and high genetic diversity in white
spruce. However, the sensitivity of the growth and anatomical traits of white
spruce was driven mainly by spatial rather than genetic effects and differed
between study sites. Trees from the drought-limited site were more sensitive
towards precipitation and a moisture index, while trees from the cold-limited
sites were more sensitive towards temperature. A strong direct effect of tem-
perature was primarily found in latewood traits related to the structural sup-
port of the tree. Earlywood traits related to water transport, however, were
influenced mainly by tree height. Tree height itself was potentially affected
by diverse abiotic and biotic factors (e.g., (micro)climate, soil conditions,
and competition). Thus, traits related to water transport were indirectly
influenced by environmental conditions. Genetic effects in xylem anatomical
traits were found in the earlywood hydraulic diameter and latewood den-
sity, whereas in general, primarily spatial rather than genetic grouping was
influencing the anatomy of white spruce.
Overall, white spruce showed to be a genetically diverse species with a
high gene flow. The effects of spatial proximity and spatial grouping on the
sensitivity and anatomy of white spruce indicate high phenotypic plastic-
ity. This high phenotypic plasticity combined with the vast genetic diversity
translates into an immense potential for the species to adjust (phenotypically)
and possibly adapt (genetically) to changing conditions. Thus, in terms of
climate change, white spruce may be a rather persistent species that manages
to cope with the drastic changes. Though additional work might be needed to
draw a more solid conclusion, the presented work shows how a comprehensive
study approach can help to interpret and understand the growth and ecology
of a tree species. It may be an inspiration for future studies to broaden their
approaches and to use comprehensive methods on different levels of detail to
not only observe trees but to explore and understand them.Waldökosysteme auf der ganzen Welt, insbesondere boreale Wälder sind mit drastischen klimatischen Veränderungen konfrontiert. Es ist bekannt, dass diese Veränderungen die Funktionalität und Vitalität der Wälder vor eine Herausforderung stellen. Die genauen Auswirkungen sind jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt, da das Wachstum von Bäumen ein komplexer Prozess ist, der von unzähligen Umwelt- und genetischen Faktoren abhängt. Um die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Wachstum der Bäume und die Entwicklung der Wälder besser abschätzen zu können, müssen wir mehr über das Wachstum der Bäume selbst erfahren. Es ist ein umfassender Ansatz erforderlich, bei dem Bäume und Wälder in verschiedenen Maßstäben und Detailtiefen untersucht werden, von globalen Studien bis hin zu Studien über einzelne Individuen.
In dieser Dissertation verfolge ich einen solchen umfassenden Ansatz am Beispiel der nordamerikanischen Weißfichte. Ich präsentiere drei Arbeiten in Form von drei Kapiteln, in denen meine Mitautoren und ich das Wachstum und die Anatomie der Weißfichte (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) und deren Beeinflussung durch Umwelt-, Klima- und genetische Faktoren untersucht haben. Wir verwendeten verschiedene Ansätze und Methoden auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen, von Untersuchungen auf der Landschaftsebene bis hin zur lokalen Ebene.
Wir haben drei paarweise Parzellen mit Wald- und Baumstandorten (zwei kältebegrenzte und ein trockenheitsbegrenzter) sowie einen zusätzlichen Waldstandort untersucht. Im ersten Kapitel konzentrierten wir uns auf die genetische Vielfalt der Weißfichte innerhalb und zwischen Populationen an allen Untersuchungsstandorten in Alaska. Die genetischen Untersuchungen wurden mit Analysen der individuellen Wachstumsreaktion von Bäumen auf klimatische Bedingungen kombiniert, um herauszufinden, ob genetische Verwandtschaft oder räumliche Nähe Ähnlichkeiten im Wachstum und in der Klimaempfindlichkeit verursachten. Im zweiten Kapitel untersuchten wir die direkten und indirekten Auswirkungen der Umweltbedingungen auf das Xylem der Weißfichte. Wir analysierten die Auswirkungen von Niederschlag, Temperatur und Baumhöhe auf vier xylem-anatomische Merkmale von Bäumen, die an den drei Baumgrenzen wuchsen. Die untersuchten Merkmale repräsentieren die Hauptfunktionen des Xylems (Wassertransport und strukturelle Unterstützung). Im dritten Kapitel untersuchten wir ähnliche xylem-anatomische Merkmale an einer kältebegrenzten Baumgrenze. Wir verglichen die Xylem-Anatomie und den jährlichen Zuwachs zwischen genetischen Gruppen und Individuen sowie zwischen räumlichen Gruppen, um zu untersuchen, ob die räumliche oder genetische Gruppierung die Anatomie und das Wachstum der Weißfichte beeinflusst.
Wir fanden einen insgesamt hohen Genfluss und eine hohe genetische Vielfalt bei der Weißfichte. Die Empfindlichkeit von Wachstum und anatomischen Merkmalen der Weißfichte wurde jedoch hauptsächlich durch räumliche und nicht durch genetische Effekte bestimmt und unterschied sich zwischen den Untersuchungsstandorten. Die Bäume an den trockenheitsbegrenzten Standorten reagierten empfindlicher auf Niederschlag und einen Feuchtigkeitsindex, während die Bäume an den kältebegrenzten Standorten empfindlicher auf die Temperatur reagierten. Eine starke direkte Auswirkung der Temperatur wurde vor allem bei den Merkmalen des Spätholzes festgestellt, die mit der strukturellen Unterstützung des Baumes zusammenhängen. Die Merkmale des Frühholzes, die mit dem Wassertransport zusammenhängen, wurden dagegen hauptsächlich von der Baumhöhe beeinflusst. Die Baumhöhe selbst wurde potenziell durch verschiedene abiotische und biotische Faktoren (z. B. (Mikro-)Klima, Bodenbedingungen und Konkurrenz) beeinflusst. Somit wurden Merkmale, die mit dem Wassertransport zusammenhängen, indirekt durch Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst. Genetische Auswirkungen auf xylem-anatomische Merkmale wurden beim hydraulischen Durchmesser des Frühholzes und bei der Dichte des Spätholzes festgestellt, während jedoch im Allgemeinen eher die räumliche als die genetische Gruppierung die Anatomie der Weißfichte beeinflusste.
Insgesamt erwies sich die Weißfichte als eine genetisch vielfältige Art mit einem hohen Genfluss. Die Auswirkungen der räumlichen Nähe und der räumlichen Gruppierung auf die Empfindlichkeit und Anatomie der Weißfichte deuten auf eine hohe phänotypische Plastizität hin. Diese hohe phänotypische Plastizität in Verbindung mit der enormen genetischen Vielfalt bedeutet ein immenses Potenzial für die Art, sich phänotypisch und genetisch an veränderte Bedingungen anzupassen. Im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel könnte die Weißfichte also eine ziemlich ausdauernde Art sein, der es gelingt, mit den drastischen Veränderungen fertig zu werden. Obwohl weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich sind, um eine solidere Schlussfolgerung zu ziehen, zeigt die vorgestellte Arbeit, wie ein umfassender Studienansatz helfen kann, das Wachstum und die Ökologie einer Baumart zu interpretieren und zu verstehen. Diese Arbeit kann eine Inspiration für künftige Studien sein, ihre Ansätze zu erweitern und umfassende Methoden auf verschiedenen Detailebenen anzuwenden, um Bäume nicht nur zu beobachten, sondern auch zu erforschen und zu verstehen
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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