1,720,967 research outputs found
La porta degli imperi: il ruolo dell’Eritrea e degli imprenditori nel quadro imperiale italiano e negli anni dell’occupazione britannica (1934-1953)
Full text linkQuesto studio analizza, con rigore metodologico e con un ampio ricorso alle fonti d’archivio italiane ed europee, la fitta rete di interessi e relazioni, fin qui poco analizzate nel loro complesso, tra le autorità politiche ed il mondo dell’imprenditoria privata italiana nel lungo periodo di dominio diretto (durante l’epoca coloniale) e indiretto (durante il periodo britannico) dell’Eritrea. Tale lavoro ha come linea guida gli interessi economici italiani nelle colonie dell’Africa orientale quale punto di convergenza di tematiche di origine locale e internazionale con il fine di cercare chiavi interpretative che spieghino le difficoltà di un processo politico ed economico complesso di cui sono protagonisti agenti privati e pubblici che si muovono all’interno del complesso gioco delle turbolente relazioni internazionali. In questo lavoro, infatti, si intende rilevare il ruolo fondamentale dell’Eritrea, non solo nel più ampio quadro delle colonie dell’Africa orientale sotto dominazione italiana, ma anche nel contesto dell’Amministrazione d’occupazione britannica durante gli anni Quaranta, ossia nel decennio di ripiegamento della presenza coloniale dell’Italia in Africa. La Colonia Eritrea, fin dallo sbarco dei primi italiani nella baia di Assab a fine Ottocento, fu sfruttata secondo ruoli pensati per essa durante le varie fasi della storia coloniale italiana. Nel contesto di questo lavoro si ritiene utile studiarne i particolari non solo da un punto di vista quantitativo, come spesso avvenuto in passato, ma soprattutto qualitativo
Moneta e istituzioni nell’Africa Orientale Italiana
No full textIl saggio prende in esame il funzionamento della complessa rete di istituzioni che il regime fascista impegnò, dopo la conquista dell’Etiopia, per attuare le politiche monetarie ed economiche nell’Africa orientale italiana. Fu composta in questo modo una fitta rete di istituzioni, uomini e norme, che rispecchiava il carattere «reticolare» dello Stato fascista. Questo sistema di istituzionale a sua volta mise in campo un’azione amministrativa complessa e farraginosa, perché condotta da burocrazie diverse, ciascuna con le proprie regole e i propri obiettivi e, in molti casi, dirigenze che ambivano ad allargare i propri poteri. Da qui derivò il moltiplicarsi di sovrapposizioni e conflitti
Alla conflittualità interna agli apparati si sommarono le difficoltà derivanti dall’assenza di un unico modello istituzionale e legislativo per tutti territori coloniali. Lo Stato liberale aveva acquisito i propri possedimenti in tempi differenti e con modalità e obiettivi molto difformi, e lo Stato fascista non procedette, al momento della proclamazione dell’impero, ad alcuna seria azione di uniformazione delle leggi. All’interno dell’Africa orientale italiana non fu realizzato un sistema commerciale e valutario unico, ma si diede vita a un’autentica babele doganale: l’Eritrea aveva una tariffa con cui accordava un trattamento preferenziale alle merci italiane, l’Etiopia invece adottava un sistema doganale a tariffa unica, cioè senza discriminare le merci italiane da quelle estere, e la Somalia dal novembre 1934, in virtù della convenzione per il bacino del Congo, applicava anch’essa un sistema di tariffa unica, diverso però da quello etiope.
Pluralismo istituzionale e normativo, «policrazia» e caos organizzativo e decisionale appaiono dunque i caratteri distintivi del sistema di regolazione e governo dell’economica (reale, finanziaria e monetaria) dell’Africa orientale italiana
Il problema monetario nella Colonia Eritrea: il tallero di Maria Teresa nella letteratura coloniale (1857-1941)
No full textIn 1869, Italian colonialism began in the Southern Red Sea region with the purchasing of the Assab
bay for 6,000 Maria Theresa thalers, by the former missionary Giuseppe Sapeto, on behalf of the
Rubattino company and with the approval of the Italian government. The Maria Theresa thaler was a
silver coin circulating in the region since the end of the eighteenth century, being mainly employed
in the coffee trade. It became the most widespread silver coin in the region by the end of the nineteenth
century, and the Italians tried to replace it with a more manageable medium of exchange until the end
of their colonial period in East Africa in 1941, in vain.
Overcoming the “crisis of representation” produced since the influential essay on Orientalism by
Edward Said, the chapter turns colonial document from being the means for historical and
ethnographic research to being its objects. In the chapter, some of the most relevant colonial
documents about the Eritrean monetary system are analyzed, as well as the debates that contributed
to the designing of colonial monetary policies.
The first references to the Maria Theresa thaler appeared in commercial pamphlets, when the Italians
were trying to incentivize the regional trade, whose principal medium of exchange was the silver
thaler. The first officer to propose to replace the Maria Theresa thaler was Ercole Petazzi, in 1911. In
the following years, the monetary problem became a central political issue, and this is revealed by
the senior grade of the officers who dealt with the subject before the First World War, such as the
Secretary of the Royal Monetary Commission of the Ministry of Treasury, Giuseppe Carboneri
(1912), and the ship commander and diplomat Carlo Rossetti (1914). The writings of these senior
officers also unveil their attention for the broader European debate about colonial monetary systems:
models and ideas produced in different imperial contexts were shared in international conferences
like the ones organized by the Institut Colonial Internationale, in Bruxelles. After the First World
War, political motivations for the introduction of a colonial currency in Eritrea prevailed upon
economic ones. In the presentation of the new colonial silver coin issued by the Italians in May 1918,
the tallero d’Italia, the archaeologist Lucio Mariani stated that the aim of the new coin was “to claim
[...] respect for [Italian] currency, [which is] the sign of [Italy’s] financial and moral power in the
Red Sea”. A particularly strong urgency after Italy’s “mutilated victory” against Austria, the original
issuer of the Maria Theresa thaler. The last publication analyzed in this chapter exemplifies the
cultural prejudices which characterized all the previous publications. In 1941, the last governor of
Italian Somalia, Francesco Saverio Caroselli, outlined an evolutionist ladder of colonial monetary
systems, based on cultural as well as geopolitical factors, defining the Maria Theresa thaler as
“commodity money”, one step above a “barter” system. The chapter ends with a description of the
strategic use of the Maria Theresa thaler by both the Italians and the British during the East African
campaign, and the persistence of the same tropes in the British writings dealing with the monetary
problem, once they took over the former Italian East Africa.
The chapter shows how colonial policies were not simply transferred from Europe. Colonialism is
not only the imposition of a rule, but a process made by negotiations, conflicts and adaptations within
the colonial contexts, but also within the group of the colonizers. The chapter also shows the existence
of networks of knowledge allowing the trans-imperial circulation of ideas and models of colonial
administration. Finally, the examples reported in the chapter confirm that the non-neutral nature of
currency was acknowledged by the colonial officers themselves, which considered the introduction
of a colonial currency as “spring for political influence”, and the building of a colonial monetary
system as “an act of true and final colonial conquest”
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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