1,721,043 research outputs found
TaqMan qPCR for Quantification of Clonostachys rosea Used as a Biological Control Agent Against Fusarium graminearum
No full textClonostachys rosea is a biological control agent against Fusarium graminearum in small grain cereals and maize. Infections with F. graminearum do not only reduce the yield but, due to the production of mycotoxins, also affect the entire value chain of food and feed. In addition, production of other secondary metabolites such as hydrophobins, also known as gushing inducers, may cause quality challenges for the malting and brewing industry. Sustainable disease control strategies using C. rosea are treatment of infected residues of the previous crop, direct treatment of the actual cereal crop or post-harvest treatment during malting processes. Follow-up of growth and survival of biocontrol organisms during these different stages is of crucial importance. In the current study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR detection method that amends the currently available culture-dependent techniques by using TaqMan chemistry with a highly specific primer and probe set, targeting the actin gene. We established a sensitive assay that detects the biological control agent down to 100 genome copies per reaction, with PCR efficiencies between 90 and 100%. The specificity of the assay was confirmed against a panel of 30 fungal and 3 bacterial species including 12 members of the Fusarium head blight complex and DNA of barley, maize and wheat. The DNA of C. rosea was detected in Fusarium-infected maize crop residues that were either treated in the laboratory or in the field with C. rosea and followed its DNA throughout the barley malting process to estimate its growth during grain germination. We used a standardized DNA extraction protocol and showed that C. rosea can be quantified in different sample matrices. This method will enable the monitoring of C. rosea during experiments studying the biological control of F. graminearum on cereal crop residues and on cereal grains and will thus contribute to the development of a new disease control strategy
3rd European Federation of Biotechnology Conference:Physiology of Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi PYFF3
No full textThe 3rd Conference on Physiology of Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi (PYFF3) belongs to a meeting series organised by the Microbial Physiology Section of the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB). More than 200 participants from 32 countries around the world participate in the conference. The aim of the meeting is to bring together scientists from academic research institutes and industrial laboratories to discuss the latest achievements in research on physiology of eukaryotic microbes. Yeasts and filamentous fungi are important in a number of biotechnical processes including food processing, brewing, and production of protein products such as industrial enzymes and therapeutic proteins, and production of metabolites such as antibiotics, polymer precursors and biofuels. The current trend of using lignocellulose biomass as raw material for new products in biorefineries has made yeasts and filamentous fungi more important than before. The PYFF3 conference covers comparative analysis of the expanding genomic sequence information in yeasts and filamentous fungi, as well as the experimental systems biology approaches taken to understand the global cellular regulation cues. Bioprocess-level analysis of production processes based on yeasts and filamentous fungi is also discussed, including its correlation with the physiological knowledge obtained with systems-wide analysis. The main financial supporters of the meeting are: EFB Microbial Physiology Section, Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) and companies using yeasts and filamentous fungi in industrial processes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
3rd European Federation of Biotechnology Conference:Physiology of Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi PYFF3
No full textThe 3rd Conference on Physiology of Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi (PYFF3) belongs to a meeting series organised by the Microbial Physiology Section of the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB). More than 200 participants from 32 countries around the world participate in the conference. The aim of the meeting is to bring together scientists from academic research institutes and industrial laboratories to discuss the latest achievements in research on physiology of eukaryotic microbes. Yeasts and filamentous fungi are important in a number of biotechnical processes including food processing, brewing, and production of protein products such as industrial enzymes and therapeutic proteins, and production of metabolites such as antibiotics, polymer precursors and biofuels. The current trend of using lignocellulose biomass as raw material for new products in biorefineries has made yeasts and filamentous fungi more important than before. The PYFF3 conference covers comparative analysis of the expanding genomic sequence information in yeasts and filamentous fungi, as well as the experimental systems biology approaches taken to understand the global cellular regulation cues. Bioprocess-level analysis of production processes based on yeasts and filamentous fungi is also discussed, including its correlation with the physiological knowledge obtained with systems-wide analysis. The main financial supporters of the meeting are: EFB Microbial Physiology Section, Federation of European Microbiological Societies (FEMS) and companies using yeasts and filamentous fungi in industrial processes
Efficient production of L-lactic acid from xylose by metabolically engineered yeast <i>Pichia stipitis</i>
No full textPichia stipitis, a yeast which ferments naturally xylose, was genetically engineered for L-(+)-lactate production. A P. stipitis strain expressing the L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from Lactobacillus helveticus under the control of the P. stipitis fermentative ADH1 promoter was constructed. Either xylose or glucose was used as the carbon source for lactate production under oxygen restricted conditions. Remarkably, the constructed P. stipitis strain produced a higher lactate concentration and yield on xylose than on glucose. Lactate accumulated as the main product on xylose-containing medium: 58 g/l lactate was produced from 100 g/l xylose. Relatively efficient lactate production was also observed on glucose medium, 41 g/l lactate was produced at a yield of 0.44 g/g glucose. Lactate was produced at the expense of ethanol production which was decreased to approximately 20% of the wild type levels on xylose-containing medium and to 75% on glucose-containing medium. Thus, LDH competed efficiently with the ethanol pathway for pyruvate, even though the pathway from pyruvate to ethanol was intact
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Cellular responses to protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei
No full textThe filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is known as an efficient producer of a variety of extracellular enzymes, the major products being cellulases and hemicellulases e.g. cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, Beta-glucosidases, xylanases, and hemicellulose side-chain cleaving enzymes. Altogether, analysis of the genome sequence has revealed over 200 genes classified in glycoside hydrolase gene families. T. reesei has potential to produce extracellular proteins in very large quantities, and it has been used as an industrial host organism for production of both the fungal enzymes as well as for heterologous proteins. Production of secreted proteins in large quantities or production of the heterologous proteins originating from distantly related organisms challenge the capability of the cells to fold and transport the proteins, and are known to provoke stress responses in the cell. Impaired protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) which result in induction of a number of genes involved e.g. in folding, glycosylation and transport. The fungal cells have also a feed-back mechanism to reduce the load in the secretory pathway by negative transcriptional regulation of genes encoding the major secreted proteins. The availability of the genome sequence information has made it possible to apply genome-wide approaches in studies of the cellular responses to protein production under different conditions. Specifically, we have compared the effects of production of two different heterologous proteins, human tPA and Melanocarpus albomyces laccase, in T. reesei using proteome and transcriptome data. The analysis showed a clear difference between the responses induced by the proteins, the main difference being in the induction of the UPR pathway. Furthermore, in order to obtain information on protein production at different physiological conditions we have carried out transcriptome and proteome analysis of carbon-limited chemostat cultures of T. reesei under different conditions, e.g. at different specific growth rates and cell density
Cellular responses to protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei
No full textThe filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is known as an efficient producer of a variety of extracellular enzymes, the major products being cellulases and hemicellulases e.g. cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, Beta-glucosidases, xylanases, and hemicellulose side-chain cleaving enzymes. Altogether, analysis of the genome sequence has revealed over 200 genes classified in glycoside hydrolase gene families. T. reesei has potential to produce extracellular proteins in very large quantities, and it has been used as an industrial host organism for production of both the fungal enzymes as well as for heterologous proteins. Production of secreted proteins in large quantities or production of the heterologous proteins originating from distantly related organisms challenge the capability of the cells to fold and transport the proteins, and are known to provoke stress responses in the cell. Impaired protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) which result in induction of a number of genes involved e.g. in folding, glycosylation and transport. The fungal cells have also a feed-back mechanism to reduce the load in the secretory pathway by negative transcriptional regulation of genes encoding the major secreted proteins. The availability of the genome sequence information has made it possible to apply genome-wide approaches in studies of the cellular responses to protein production under different conditions. Specifically, we have compared the effects of production of two different heterologous proteins, human tPA and Melanocarpus albomyces laccase, in T. reesei using proteome and transcriptome data. The analysis showed a clear difference between the responses induced by the proteins, the main difference being in the induction of the UPR pathway. Furthermore, in order to obtain information on protein production at different physiological conditions we have carried out transcriptome and proteome analysis of carbon-limited chemostat cultures of T. reesei under different conditions, e.g. at different specific growth rates and cell density
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