1,720,987 research outputs found
Family planning campaigns on television and contraceptive use in India
No full textThis is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form Pakrashi., Debayan., Maiti., Nath, S., Gautam., Abhishek., Nanda., Priya., Borkotoky., Kakoli., Datta., & Nitin. (2022). Family planning campaigns on television and contraceptive use in India. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6780244
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Stigma and misconceptions in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A field experiment in India
No full textA hidden cost of the COVID-19 pandemic is the stigma associated with the disease for those infected and groups that are considered as more likely to be infected. This paper examines whether the provision of accurate and focused information about COVID-19 from a reliable source can reduce stigmatization. We carry out a randomized field experiment in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, in which we provide an information brief about COVID-19 by phone to a random subsample of participants to address stigma and misconceptions. We find that the information brief decreases stigmatization of COVID-19 patients and certain groups such as religious minorities, lower-caste groups, and frontline workers (healthcare, police), and reduces the belief that infection cases are more prevalent among certain marginalized social and economic groups (Muslims, low caste, rural-poor population). We provide suggestive evidence that improved knowledge about the prevention and transmission of COVID-19 and reduced stress about the disease are important channels for the reduction in stigmatization
Improving women's mental health during a pandemic
Full text linkThis paper evaluates a randomized, over-the-phone counseling intervention aimed at mitigating the mental health impact of COVID-19 on a sample of 2, 402 women across 357 villages in Bangladesh. We find that the provision of two hours of mental support plus information on COVID-19 improves mental health ten months postintervention, leading to reductions of 20 percent in the prevalence of moderate and severe stress and 33 percent in depression. Our results suggest that this type of low-cost intervention ($14 per person) can be effective in providing rapid psychological support to vulnerable groups in times of crises.</p
Gender inequality and caste: Field experimental evidence from India
No full textUsing a field experiment in India where patients are randomly assigned to rank among a set of physicians of the same gender but with different castes and years of experience, we show that the differences in patients’ physician choices are consistent with gender-based statistical discrimination. Labor market experience cannot easily overcome the discrimination that female doctors suffer. Further, we find that gender discrimination is greater for lower caste doctors, who typically suffer from caste discrimination. Given the increasing share of professionals from a lower caste background, our results suggest that the ‘intersectionality’ between gender and caste leads to increased gender inequality among professionals in India
Does membership in international organizations affect incidence of child labour?
No full textBibliography: p. 75-80Some pages are in colour
Essays on Migration and Economic Development: With Special Reference To The Chinese Economy
No full textChina’s unprecedented growth over the last few decades is a major episode in global economic history. The growth experience of China is similar to that of Japan, the East Asian tigers and the tiger cubs, who all experienced a long period of relatively high and stable growth in the later part of the 20th century. After the economic reforms of the 1980s, China has transformed into the second largest economy of the world, having overtaken Germany and Japan, and is expected to overtake the United States as the largest economy in the world this decade. Rapid economic ascendance has brought on many challenges though, including high inequality and rapid urbanization: China is not only growing at twice the rate of that of the European nations, it is also urbanizing fast since the economic reforms. With about 150 million migrant workers already residing in the major Chinese cities and more potential migrants expected to migrate to the urban growth hubs before the Chinese growth miracle has run its course, a key current policy challenge comes from the increasing inequality between the urban hukou holders and the rural to urban migrants. Three major themes around these developments have been taken up in this thesis: the theoretical macroeconomic puzzle of how a transition economy like China can sustain a fairly constant growth path for decades; the empirical question of just how much of the inequality between rural migrants and urban hukou holders reflects discrimination rather than productivity differentials; the micro-theoretical question of how one can get discrimination in a model wherein individual cities with insiders compete for migrants; and the general question of migrant assimilation as a function of their treatment by the host society
Intergenerational consequences of spousal violence: effect on nutritional status of children
No full textIn this paper, we empirically estimate the causal impact of spousal violence experienced by mothers on the nutritional status of her children aged below five years. Using detailed dataset from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey, we find evidence that violence experienced by mothers at the hands of their husbands significantly increases the likelihood of their children being malnourished. When we focus on identifying the pathways through which spousal violence affect child health outcomes, we find that while spousal violence primarily affects child health via deterioration in maternal health, neglect of children in terms of inadequate provision of essential child-care also seem to matter. The results from the heterogeneity analysis finally suggest that the detrimental effect of such violence is significantly less pronounced for children born to mothers who are currently working and are thus empowered
Do WTO members employ less child labour?
No full textPurpose - Trade liberalization could either exacerbate or ameliorate the incidence of child labour. This paper aims to examine the effect of trade liberalization through membership in the GATT/WTO on the incidence of child labour across countries and over time. The authors examine child labour force participation data and WTO membership for 94 countries between 1980 and 1999. They find that membership in the WTO is negatively correlated with child labour. However, they do not find a statistically significant relationship between openness and child labour and therefore rule out the trade-expanding channel of WTO membership on child labour. Design/methodology/approach - The authors' regression equations examine the effect of GATT or WTO membership on the incidence of child labour. They examine data from 94 countries from 1980 and 1999 and employ a fixed-effects regression. They estimate different models taking different variables as control variables. They find a statistically significant effect negative of WTO membership on the incidence of child labour. They do not find a statistically significant effect of openness on child labour. Findings - The authors find that membership in the WTO did reduce child labour. They do not find a statistically significant effect of openness on child labour. Research limitations/implications - WTO membership does not increase the incidence of child labour as some critics claim. Membership itself is associated with reduced child labour so it may not be necessary to expand trade through international agreements in order to impact the incidence of child labour. Practical implications - Contrary to critics of the WTO, membership does not exacerbate the problem of child labour. Originality/value - This paper presents new data on child labour in a panel across countries over time. It is the first paper to systematically estimate the impact of international agreements on the incidence of child labour
Migration and discrimination in urban China: A decomposition approach
No full textCurrently, about 150 million migrant workers reside in the major Chinese cities, where they are treated like second-class citizens by the local city governments and denied access to government jobs and welfare entitlements, with large differences existing in their treatment across the cities. In this paper, we use a new and unique dataset of urban natives and rural to urban migrants from 15 different cities in China to document this differential treatment. We apply a relatively new non-parametric technique, Nopo decomposition, which takes into account differences in the distribution of observable characteristics to decompose the wage gap that exists between the two groups and estimate the extent of discrimination faced by the migrants. Rural-to-urban migrants are found to be discriminated in the urban labour market, but to a lesser extent than has been argued in the literature. We also find that a large gap exists between the national legislation on the treatment of migrants on one hand and the implementation and enforcement by city governments on the other, and that this differential treatment helps explain part of the level of discrimination
Make time for physical activity or you may spend more time sick!
No full textThis work estimates the association between various types of physical activities and physical health, mental health and health service utilization. Specifically, we consider participation in housework, manual, walking, sports/exercise and total physical activities to a moderate level. We view this as an important contribution given that governments usually recommend a total level of activity that their citizens should achieve to be healthy, rather than a particular activity per se. Our results suggest that participation in any of these activities predicts a lower probability of poor health roughly to the same level. For mental health, our estimates highlight that those who participate in (and do more of) any activity have better mental health when compared to those who do not. The associations are higher for women. The associations are also higher for manual activities and sports/exercise when compared to other activities. The analysis also reveals some lower utilization of in-patient, out-patient visits and GP services among individuals who are moderately physically active
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