86,793 research outputs found
Cancer stem cells in solid tumors: an overview and new approaches for their isolation and characterization.
No full textPrimary tumors are responsible for 10%
of cancer deaths. In most cases, the main cause of
mortality is the formation of metastases. Accumulating
evidence suggests that a subpopulation of tumor cells with
distinct stem-like properties is responsible for tumor
initiation, invasive growth, and metastasis formation. This
population is defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Existing
therapies have enhanced the length of survival after
diagnosis of cancer but have completely failed in terms of
recovery. CSCs appear to be resistant to chemotherapy,
may remain quiescent for extended periods, and have
affinity for hypoxic environments. The CSCs can be
identified and isolated by different methodologies, including
isolation by CSC-specific cell surface marker
expression, detection of side population phenotype by
Hoechst 33342 exclusion, assessment of their ability to
grow as floating spheres, and aldehyde dehydrogenase
(ALDH) activity assay. None of the methods mentioned
are exclusively used to isolate the solid tumor CSCs,
highlighting the imperative to delineate more specific
markers or to use combinatorial markers and methodologies.
This review provides an overview of the main
characteristics and approaches used to identify, isolate,
and characterize CSCs from solid tumors.—Tirino, V.,
Desiderio, V., Paino, F., De Rosa, A., Papaccio, F., La
Noce, M., Laino, L., De Francesco, F., Papaccio, G.
Cancer stem cells in solid tumors: an overview and new
approaches for their isolation and characterization.
FASEB J. 27, 000–000 (2013). www.fasebj.or
Effect of castration on the expression of BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) in the prostate of the rat.
No full textDETERMINAZIONE DELL’ ETA’ NEGLI UCCELLI MEDIANTE UNO STUDIO MORFOMETRICO DELLE OSSA. RICERCA IN GALLUS GALLUS
No full textConcise review: cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells: influence in cancer development
No full textTumors are composed of different types of cancer cells that contribute to tumor heterogeneity. Among these populations of cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Like their stem cells counterpart, CSCs are also characterized by self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate. A particular population of CSCs is constituted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that differentiate into cells of mesodermal characteristics. Several studies have reported the potential pro-or anti-tumorigenic influence of MSCs on tumor initiation and progression. In fact, MSCs are recruited to the site of wound healing to repair damaged tissues, an event that is also associated with tumorigenesis. In other cases, resident or migrating MSCs can favor tumor angiogenesis and increase tumor aggressiveness. This interplay between MSCs and cancer cells is fundamental for cancerogenesis, progression, and metastasis. Therefore, an interesting topic is the relationship between cancer cells, CSCs, and MSCs, since contrasting reports about their respective influences have been reported. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to conflicting results on the influence of normal and CSCs in cancer development. The understanding of the role of MSCs in cancer is also important in cancer management
Cytometry and Pathology
No full textFlow cytometry is a technology that simultaneously measures and analyzes multiple physical characteristics of single particles, usually cells, using an optical-to-electronic coupling system. A wide range of applications are discussed for this tool, ranging from traditional immunology to monitoring of cell transfection and/or screening of protein libraries. Moreover, new exciting insights into ongoing developments are introduced, including automation, laboratory integration, and software advances
Identification, isolation, characterization, and banking of human dental pulp stem cells
No full textDental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be found within the "cell rich zone" of the dental pulp. Their embryonic origin, from neural crests, explains their multipotency. Up to now, it has been demonstrated that these cells are capable of producing bone tissue, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as a simil-dentin tissue, in vitro. In addition, it has been reported that these cells differentiate into adipocytes, endotheliocytes, melanocytes, neurons, and glial cells and can be easily cryopreserved and stored for long periods of time and retain their multipotency and bone-producing capacity. Moreover, recent attention has been focused on tissue engineering and on the properties of these cells: several scaffolds have been used to promote 3D tissue formation and studies have demonstrated that DPSCs show good adherence and bone tissue formation on microconcavity surface textures. In addition, adult bone tissue with good vascularization has been obtained in grafts. Interestingly, they seem to possess immunoprivileges as they can be grafted into allogenic tissues and seem to exert anti-inflammatory abilities, like many other mesenchymal stem cells. Their recent use in clinical trials for bone repair enforces the notion that DPSCs can be used successfully in patients. Therefore, their isolation, selection, differentiation, and banking are of great importance. The isolation technique used in most laboratories is based on the use of flow cytometry with cell sorter termed FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorter). It is now important to obtain new methods/protocols to select and isolate stem cells without staining by fluorescent markers or use of magnetic beads. These new procedures should be based on biophysical differences among the different cell populations in order to obtain interesting peculiarities for implementation in biomedical/clinical laboratories. It is emphasized that the new methods must address simplicity and short times of preparation and use of samples, complete sterility of cells, the potential disposable, low cost and complete maintenance of the viability, and integrity of the cells with real-time response for subsequent applications in the biomedical/clinical/surgical fields
Bone defects : molecular and cellular therapeutic targets
No full textBone defects are one of the most serious pathologies that need tissue regeneration therapies. Studies on mesenchymal stem cells are changing the way we treat bone diseases. MSCs have been used for the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphatasia, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In this context, it is becoming ever more clear that the future of therapies will be based on the use of stem cells. In this concise review, we highlight the importance of the use of MSCs in bone diseases, focusing on the role of histone deacetylases and Wnt pathways involved in osteogenesis. A better understanding of MSC biology and osteogenesis is needed in order to develop new and targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bone diseases/disorders
Analisi della variabilita' genetica in Petagnaea gussonei (Apiaceae) attraverso lo studio dei microsatelliti plastidiali ed i Polimorfismi di Restrizione dei Frammenti Amplificati (cpSSR ed AFLP)
No full textStemness markers of osteosarcoma
No full textOsteosarcomas (OSs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors that affect children and adolescents between 10 and 25 years, and have a second peak of incidence in the elderly, where they are associated with defective bone remodeling. Most OSs are of high grade and frequently develop pulmonary metastases. OSs derived from progenitor cells that have accumulated mutations leading to high proliferation and defects in their ability to differentiate in osteoblasts. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that only a small subset of cells within a tumor, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), is capable to initiate a new tumor and sustain its growth. CSCs share many features with normal stem cells, such as self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation potential, drug resistance and migration capacity. In this chapter, we present current knowledge about the biology of osteosarcoma stem cells, highlighting on markers that are implicated in their detection and selection. Improved understanding into the cell origins of osteosarcomas and further refinements in the molecular characterization of OSs will be essential in the discrimination of putative CSCs. In addition, more defined criteria for the definition of putative stem cells identified via the various assays will be paramount to any progress achieved in the study of stem cell biology. In the future, hopefully, the unequivocal identification of osteosarcoma CSCs coupled with the development of drugs targeting CSCs may lead to new view of cancer and above all to eradicate itself
SULLA POSSIBILE TUTELA DELLE OPERE DELL’INGEGNO REALIZZATE DALL’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE
No full textIA systems are so complex and sophisticated today to be able not simply to interact with humans, but to create new goods, very similar to authorial works. In such a case we can talk about “creative” or “generative” IA, to distinguish it from more traditional IA systems whose function is to simply interact with humans, providing information or services (think about Siri or Alexa).
Clearly, non generative IA systems have attracted less attention from legal scholars because they have seemed easily protectable through traditional IP instruments. On the contrary, lawyers have been mostly interested in the protection of AI generated works, wondering whether they can be treated as creative works and hence benefit or not from copyright protection. This paper will try to answer a set of questions starting from whether IA generated works can be fully equated to authorial works; whether such works can be said creative enough to meet the threshold required by the law; and whether they satisfy the paradigm of the “author’s own intellectual creation” as set forth by the European Court of Justice
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