1,720,975 research outputs found
Ties that bind: The effect of institutional bias on the formation of homophilous bonds amongst minority group members
No full textInstitutions can be powerful source of trust production, allowing for members of minority groups to engage in cooperative intergroup interactions without fear of betrayal or harm. However, institutional bias can lead minorities to become less trusting of institutions, ultimately causing them to rely less on institutions to facilitate successful interactions. The purpose of the present research is to examine the downstream consequences of the lack of institutional trust as a function of institutional bias: how does lack of institutional bias impact disadvantaged group members\u27 choices during day-to-day social interactions, specifically with regards to who they choose to interact with? I hypothesized that minority group members will be more likely to rely on characteristic-based or group identity a form of trust production leading them to be more likely to associate with ingroup members as a function of the presence of institutional bias. This hypothesis was tested in two sets of studies. The first set of studies relied upon survey data and revealed that the more Black Americans believed that institutions were biased, the more they distrusted those institutions and the more they preferred contact with racial ingroup members. In the second set of studies, an experiment using minimal groups revealed that, contrary to hypotheses, institutional bias predicted led to an increased preference for outgroup members. Implications of the two sets of studies are discussed
White Americans\u27 Legitimizing Reasoning of Police Violence: In Defense of America\u27s Moral Image and Maintenance of Racial Hierarchy
No full textThe present research investigated White Americans\u27 legitimizing reasoning about police violence against Blacks. Legitimizing reasoning about police violence is conceptualized as the processes through which individuals appraise an incident of police violence against Blacks as legitimate, and downplay police and national responsibility for the occurrence of violence and violation of egalitarian values. I proposed a conceptual model that identifies psychological antecedents and motivational factors, specifically motives to protect America\u27s image and maintain racial hierarchy, which drive legitimizing reasoning. I hypothesized that White Americans high in motivation to maintain racial hierarchy (assessed by social dominance orientation, SDO) would tend to downplay both the severity of social injustice incidents and the moral responsibility of an ingroup authority (i.e., police) in order to legitimize inequality. In contrast, White Americans high in motivation to protect the group image (assessed by national identification, ID) would remain relatively objective in terms of cognitive assessment of specific incidents and only downplay police and national responsibility in order to protect the positive national image from moral violations by an ingroup authority (i.e., illegitimate police actions). In four studies, American citizens read about a violent police incident where a single police officer shot an unarmed target. Study 1 investigated if individuals high in ID or high in SDO tended to minimize police and national responsibility even with a compliant (vs. non-compliant) Black target. Study 2 orthogonally manipulated group moral affirmation and the target\u27s behavioral compliance, and examined if group affirmation (i.e., being reminded of moral vs. immoral aspects of American history) would increase inferences about police and national responsibility through acknowledgement of police racism among White Americans high in ID. Study 3 explored the roles of target race and availability of a system-justifying cue (i.e., the good vs. bad reputation of the police department involved in the incident) in downplaying police and national responsibility for police shootings especially among high SDO White Americans. Study 4 tested if high SDO White Americans would strategically re-conceptualize the Americanness of African Americans (vs. White Americans) in order to legitimize police shootings. Three out of the four studies supported the predictions that national ID and SDO give rise to judgments that downplay police and national responsibility for police shootings via different routes. In line with predictions, High SDO individuals tended to appraise the shooting incident as legitimate, deny police racism and in turn minimize police and national responsibility for police shootings. This pattern persisted even in face of a compliant Black target (Studies 1 and 2), and was intensified when an opportunity to justify police systems was available (Study 3). In contrast, strongly (nationally) identified individuals were hypothesized to show no difference in appraisals of a single incident relative to weakly identified individuals, but they would tend to deny police racism as well as police and national responsibility for police shootings. Results indicated that the form of national ID (pride vs. centrality) had distinct effects. Behavioral compliance of the target, unexpectedly, facilitated illegitimacy appraisals of the shooting among those high in national pride (Studies 1 and 2), whereas group moral affirmation facilitated acknowledgment of the police shooting issue among those high in identity centrality (Study 2). The general discussion focuses on the differences in the role of SDO vs. national ID in legitimization of police shootings and two distinct forms of national ID
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Of Pandemics and Zombies: The Influence of Prior Concepts on COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Behaviors
No full textWe use a concepts and categories research perspective to explore how prior conceptual knowledge influences thinking about a novel disease, namely COVID-19. We collected measures of how similar people thought COVID-19 was to several existing concepts that may have served as other possible comparison points for the pandemic. We also collected participants’ self-reported engagement in pandemic-related behaviors. We found that thinking the COVID-19 pandemic was similar to other serious disease outbreaks predicted greater social distancing and mask-wearing, whereas likening COVID-19 to the seasonal flu predicted engaging in significantly fewer of these behaviors. Thinking of COVID-19 as similar to zombie apocalypse scenarios or moments of major societal upheaval predicted stocking-up behaviors, but not disease mitigation behaviors. These early category comparisons influenced behaviors over a six-month span of longitudinal data collection. Our findings suggest that early conceptual comparisons track with emergent disease categories over time and influence the behaviors people engage in related to the disease. Our research illustrates how early concept formation influences behaviors over time, and suggests ways for public health experts to communicate with the public about emergent diseases.</jats:p
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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