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    Effects of grennhouse lime shading on filtering the solar radiation

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    Protecting crops under a greenhouse allows their optimal management all over the year. Mostly during summer, in order to limit the indoor temperature and create suitable internal growing conditions, a common traditional solution is whitening the external side of the cladding material with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide– Ca(OH)2). The benefits of whitewashing reported in the literature confirm that it has positive effects both on the microclimate and on the development of crops. This paper shows the results of a research, performed by using spectrophotometers in the Laboratory for Testing Materials of the University of Basilicata (Italy), aimed to analyse different types of calcium hydroxide solutions. The analysis verified the variation of radiometric properties and shading effect. The whitening concentration was a fixed dose of simple calcium hydroxide, diluted in two different water concentrations, then painted on an EVAC plastic film. Moreover, an un-painted transparent EVAC plastic film was considered as a reference. The radiometric measurements on the samples were carried out to measure transmittance, reflectance and absorbance on all wavelengths of the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). The results have given information on the effect of different dilutions of slaked lime on the selective filtering of the solar radiation. These conclusions may be useful to compare similar results with more recent solutions for greenhouse shading, such as the use of plastic nets

    Partisan Bias in Economic News: Evidence on the Agenda-Setting Behavior of US Newspapers

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    We study the agenda-setting political behavior of a large sample of U.S. newspapers during the 1996–2005 period. Our purpose is to examine the intensity of coverage of economic issues as a function of the underlying economic conditions and the political affiliation of the incumbent president, focusing on unemployment, inflation, the federal budget and the trade deficit. We investigate whether there is any significant correlation between the endorsement policy of newspapers, and the differential coverage of bad/good economic news as a function of the president's political affiliation. We find evidence that newspapers with pro-Democratic endorsement pattern systematically give more coverage to high unemployment when the incumbent president is a Republican than when the president is Democratic, compared to newspapers with pro-Republican endorsement pattern. This result is robust to controlling for the partisanship of readers. We find similar but less robust results for the trade deficit. We also find some evidence that newspapers cater to the partisan tastes of readers in the coverage of the budget deficit. We find no evidence of a partisan bias – or at least of a bias that is correlated with the endorsement or reader partisanship – for stories on inflation

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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