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Calcarea
No full textThe Mediterranean Sea hosts 2 Sub-classes, 4 Orders, 14 Families, 24 Genera
and 79 Species of calcareous sponges. Each species is exhaustively described and
illustrated by means of historical and unpublished images of the skeleton and of
sponge anatomy, in light and scanning electron microscopy. Distribution patterns
are reported, as well as keys for the identification of different taxa. The present account
is not a taxonomic revision of the group but, in some cases, some decisions
and suggestions are proposed
FIGURE 6. Pectispongilla gagudjuensis n in Australian freshwater sponges with a new species of Pectispongilla (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillida)
No full textFIGURE 6. Pectispongilla gagudjuensis n. sp. (A–B) dry specimens (NTM ZOO 4339 and NTM ZOO 4338, respectively) on their own substratum from a dry creek in the Arnhem Land, Kakadu National Park; (C–D) NTM ZOO 4340, dry specimens after scraping by scalpel, showing the peculiar structure of the hollow sponge body with a single apical aperture together some gemmules. Scale bar is the same in C–D.Published as part of Manconi, R., Cubeddu, T. & Pronzato, R., 2016, Australian freshwater sponges with a new species of Pectispongilla (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillida), pp. 61-76 in Zootaxa 4196 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/16767
Class Calcarea
No full textReview sullo stato dell'arte delle conoscenze sulle spugne calcaree mediterrane
Pectispongilla gagudjuensis Manconi, Cubeddu & Pronzato, 2016, n. sp.
No full textPectispongilla gagudjuensis n. sp. Manconi & Pronzato Figs 1 b, 6, 7, 8, 9; Tables 1, 2, 4 Material. Type material NTM ZOO 2024, NTM ZOO 2680, NTM ZOO 4338, NTM ZOO 4339, NTM ZOO 4340 from a small unnamed dry creek, 12°43’S 132°46’E (Fig. 1, site b) along the Kakadu Highway, North of Malabanjbanjdju, Kakadu National Park, Alligator River Region, Northern Territory, 11.vii.1998, leg. Luca Pronzato. Some slides and stubs (DTRG-FW568 a, b, c, d, e) are deposited in the authors’ collection. Comparative material. Pectispongilla botryoides NTM Z001405 (DTRG-FW646) and part of the latter as AM Z3504 (DTRG-FW701), Tanami Gorge, 19°58’S 129°39’E, Camel Waterhole, Northern Territory, 25.v.1970, leg. P. Latz, S. Parker & D. Howe, det. A.A. Racek; AM Z2905, Manchester Lake, Queensland, 6.ix.61, det. A.A. Racek (DTRG-FW700). P. aurea var. subspinosa , syntype, BMNH 14.11.24.34 (ex ZEV 3790/7), Kochi (ex- Cochin), Ernakulam, Kerala, SW India (DTRG-FW401); USNM 34578, Penney collection 90124, schizosyntype, dry, Kochi (ex-Cochin), Ernakulam, Kerala, SW India (DTRG-FW553); ZMB 7981 from BMNH 14.11.24.34, alcohol, Kochi (ex-Cochin), Ernakulam, Kerala, SW India (DTRG-FW515). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the native word Gagudju (from which Kakadu) derived from the name of one of the ca. thirty old native languages of the flood plain area in the Arnhem Land. Diagnosis. Pectispongilla gagudjuensis n. sp. is characterised by two types of short skeletal megascleres (acanthostrongyles and acanthoxeas), absence of microscleres, free gemmules, mature botryoidal gemmuloscleres with disto-lateral apices as irregular concavities grouped to form a botryum, and growth form as a small hollow cup in dry condition. Description. Growth form encrusting as minute almost flat cushions (max. 1 cm in diameter) scattered and strictly adhering to substrata by basal spongin plate. Surface smooth. Consistency hard and fragile. Colour white. Oscul e apical, single, central, large (300–350 µm in diameter). Ectosomal skeleton compact and dense arrangement of spicules more or less tangential. Choanosomal skeleton vaguely reticulate network of spicules joined by scanty spongin. Spongin scanty except for basal spongin plate and gemmular theca. Megascleres of two types. Dominant acanthostrongyles [90–168 (135±19) x 8–13 (10±4) µm] almost straight to notably bent (boomerang-like shaped), spiny by few scattered short spines sometimes more dense at the tips. Acanthoxeas (mucronate acanthostrongyles?) [130–205 (163±19) x 5–12 (8.5±1.9) µm] less frequent, gradually to abruptly pointed, with short spines from scattered to more dense at the tips. Microscleres absent. Gemmules free (up to 8 for each specimen), small (200–350 µm in diameter), subspherical after rehydration with gemmuloscleres more or less radially embedded. Foramen single with a short tube and a well developed collar. Gemmular theca thick, trilayered. Outer layer with a variable amount of compact spongin, as a honeycomb-like surface due to the partial emergence of distal botryoidal apices of gemmuloscleres. Pneumatic layer as an irregular network of anastomosing thin spongin fibres. Inner layer of sublayered compact spongin. Gemmuloscleres botryoidal (mature) to pseudo-botryoidal (immature) [26–46 (36±4) x 2–3 (2.9±0.29) µm] with smooth, straight to slightly bent shafts and a range of variable shape at the convex side of each tip according with the age of the spicules. Immature gemmuloscleres with disto-lateral arrangement of simple small spines in rows (pseudo-botryum); botryum-like tips in growing spicules with a progressive increase of siliceous webs joining spines one to each other; true botryoidal tips with a cluster of well developed rounded concavities in more aged gemmuloscleres. Remarks. A comparative analysis of Pectispongilla gagudjuensis n. sp. showed that it matches only in part diagnostic traits of the other species of the genus (Table 4). The skeletal megascleres are shorter than the other species of the genus and the gemmules are the largest of the genus. Microscleres are absent in P. gagudjuensis n. sp., whereas microscleres of P. aurea Annandale, 1909 and P. subspinosa Annandale, 1912 are smooth to microspined oxeas (Penney & Racek 1968, p. 78–79) and those of P. stellifera Annandale, 1915 range from microspined oxeas to subspherical tubercled spherasters (Penney & Racek 1968, p. 79). Compared with the Australian P. botryoides Haswell, (1882) and the other species of the genus the gemmuloscleres of the new species have the shorter shafts. Moreover the gemmuloscleres of P. gagudjuensis are characterized by displaying the entire range of the various tip morphs (Fig. 8) hitherto recorded in the other four species of Pectispongilla i.e. from small spines in rows (immature gemmuloscleres) up to well developed botryoidal-like apices (mature spicules). The peculiar body architecture deeply diverges from Pectispongilla species and all other Spongillida i.e. reduced in dry condition to an almost hollow cup with megascleres to form the body wall and containing only free gemmules and a few spicular tracts. This morpho-functional trait has never been hitherto described for the family Spongillidae and is comparable only to the Baikalian Swartschewskia papyracea (Dybowsky, 1880) in dry condition. This body architecture, closely adhering to the substratum by a thin spongin basal plate, indicates its functional role as a protective device for gemmules during the long, harsh dry season. Its morpho-functional role is comparable to that performed by the gemmular cages of megascleres enveloping the gemmular theca found in other genera of Spongillida. P. gagudjuensis however diverges in the depth of the gemmular cage architecture described for other genera (e.g. Corvospongilla Annandale, 1911; Heterorotula Penney & Racek, 1968; Uruguayella Bonetto & Ezcurra De Drago, 1969; Pachyrotula Volkmer-Ribeiro & Rützler, 1997). In synthesis, exclusive traits of P. gagudjuensis n. sp. in comparison with those of the other Pectispongilla species are as follows: i) single apical oscular aperture, ii) presence of free gemmules in the hollow internal space of the dry body, iii) megascleres of two types i.e. acanthoxeas and dominant acanthostrongyles, iv) short length of megascleres (ca. half of those of other species), v) largest gemmules of the genus, vi) shorter shafts of gemmuloscleres in the genus (see Annandale 1915 and Penney & Racek 1968). The diagnosis of the genus is here emended adding the presence of spiny strongyles among megascleres. Genus Pectispongilla Habitat. Lotic, temporary creek. Several dry, scattered small specimens under pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, from 1 to 6 per substratum. Sponges were absent from the surveyed horizontal rocky bed and timbers. Encrusting bryozoans, with statoblasts, on the same substrata but not strictly associated to the sponges, were also collected and preserved together with the sponges. Geographic distribution. P. gagudjuensis n. sp. is known only from the type locality. The disjunct Oriental, Australasian, and far east Palaearctic biogeographic pattern of Pectispongilla (5 species) seems to indicate Gondwanan origins and is restricted to the south-western Indian sub-region and Australia with an enclave in Korea and Japan (Annandale 1911, 1915; Penney & Racek 1968; Racek 1969; Manconi & Pronzato 2002, 2007, 2015) (Fig. 9). P. botryoides Haswell, 1882 is reported exclusively from Australia (Tables 1–2). Two species P. aurea Annandale, 1909 and P. stellifera Annandale, 1915 are endemic to restricted areas in the SW-Indian subregion, while P. subspinosa Annandale, 1911 is known from SW-India, Japan, and Korea (Tables 1–2).Published as part of Manconi, R., Cubeddu, T. & Pronzato, R., 2016, Australian freshwater sponges with a new species of Pectispongilla (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillida), pp. 61-76 in Zootaxa 4196 (1) on pages 69-74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4196.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/16767
Leaving Mum Alone? The Effect of Parental Separation on Children’s Decisions to Leave Home
No full textThere is a growing body of literature that examines the relationship
between parental separation and children’s life-course patterns. The aim of this
paper is to analyze the effect of parental separation on the timing of nest-leaving of
young adults. After providing descriptive findings using the recent Generation and
Gender Survey for six countries (Italy, France, Hungary, Bulgaria, Russia, and
Georgia), we assess the extent to which the association between parental separation
and nest-leaving timing is masked by two mechanisms. First, do the children of
separated parents develop characteristics that differ from those of children of intact
families, which in turn cause them to leave the parental home at a different pace?
Second, do the children of separated people leave the parental home at different
ages in response to the new family structure? After we identify the two mechanisms
at work, our findings become similar across countries, and show that children who
have experienced parental separation tend to leave home earlier, but that the last
child in the household—who would leave the mother alone—tends to delay his/her
departure
Figure 5 in Freshwater sponges of the West Indies: Discovery of Spongillidae (Haplosclerida, Spongillina) from Cuba with biogeographic notes and a checklist for the Caribbean area
No full textFigure 5. Radiospongilla sp. from Cuba (DTRGFW599). SEM photomicrographs of spicular complement. (A) Megasclere oxeas with small spines; (B) spiny apices of microscleres; (C) microspined shaft of microsclere; (D) microsclere.Published as part of Manconi, R. & Pronzato, R., 2005, Freshwater sponges of the West Indies: Discovery of Spongillidae (Haplosclerida, Spongillina) from Cuba with biogeographic notes and a checklist for the Caribbean area, pp. 3235-3253 in Journal of Natural History 39 (36) on page 3248, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500307327, http://zenodo.org/record/522035
Figure 5 in Freshwater sponges of the West Indies: Discovery of Spongillidae (Haplosclerida, Spongillina) from Cuba with biogeographic notes and a checklist for the Caribbean area
No full textFigure 5. Radiospongilla sp. from Cuba (DTRGFW599). SEM photomicrographs of spicular complement. (A) Megasclere oxeas with small spines; (B) spiny apices of microscleres; (C) microspined shaft of microsclere; (D) microsclere.Published as part of Manconi, R. & Pronzato, R., 2005, Freshwater sponges of the West Indies: Discovery of Spongillidae (Haplosclerida, Spongillina) from Cuba with biogeographic notes and a checklist for the Caribbean area, pp. 3235-3253 in Journal of Natural History 39 (36) on page 3248, DOI: 10.1080/00222930500307327, http://zenodo.org/record/522035
Morpho-functional adaptations of three species of Spongia (Porifera, Demospongiae) from a Mediterranean cliff.
No full textTrastuzumab emtansine in the treatment of HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients
No full textHurvitz SA, Dirix L, Kocsis J et al. Phase II randomised study of trastuzumab emtansine versus trastuzumab plus docetaxel in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 31(9), 1157-1163 (2013). The introduction of trastuzumab in the treatment of HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients favorably changed the natural history of this disease. First-line treatment with trastuzumab and taxanes demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival compared with taxane alone. Despite such a major advance, HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer will eventually progress in most patients. Moreover chemotherapy-associated toxicities, such as myelosuppression (docetaxel) and neurotoxicity (paclitaxel), may hamper the possibility to adequately treat metastatic breast cancer and may have a negative effect on patients' quality of life. The need for more effective and better-tolerated therapy for HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer led to the development of new anti-HER-2 agents. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine are two of the new agents that will change the approach to the treatment of HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Pertuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds HER-2 at a different epitope of the HER-2 extracellular domain (subdomain II) than that at which trastuzumab binds. Trastuzumab emtansine is a HER-2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, composed of the cytotoxic microtubule polymerization inhibitor DM1 that is conjugated to the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, able to selectively deliver a cytotoxic agent to HER-2-positive tumor cells. TDM-1 is superior and less toxic than lapatinib plus capecitabine in metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with trastuzumab and taxanes, and its role as a first-line therapy is currently under investigation
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