467 research outputs found
Rabbit's preference for cages and pens with or without mirrors
No full textFive week-old Pannon White rabbits were housed in a closed climatized rabbitry and randomly
assigned to pens (56 rabbits) having a basic area of 1 m2 with a stocking density of 16 and 12
rabbits/m2 or to 18 individual cages (0.24 m2; 1 rabbit/cage; stocking density of 4 rabbits/m2). The
pens and the cages were divided into 2 parts and animals could move freely among the 2 parts through
swing doors. The vertical sides of one part of the pens and cages were completely covered with
mirrors while the other part was covered with white plastic panels. A 24 hour video recording was
performed twice a week using infrared cameras and the number of rabbits in each pen and cage was
counted with a frequency of 15 minutes (96 times a day). The duration of the trial was 6 weeks. The
lighting period was 16L/8D. Rabbits were fed ad libitum a standard diet and water was available ad
libitum from nipple drinkers. Throughout the entire rearing period 67% of the individually caged
rabbits showed a preference for the part of the cage enriched with mirrors (P<0.001). This preference
slightly decreased with increasing age. The strong preference toward the part of the cage provided
with mirror walls was independent of the time of day. That is, during the active period (11:00 pm –
05:00 am), which corresponds to the dark part of the day, rabbits still preferred the mirror-side even
though they were not able to see their own reflected image at that time. Neither rearing rabbits in
groups under different stocking densities (12 vs. 16 rabbits/m2) nor the presence of conspecifics
reduced the interest toward mirrors. 65% of animals living at the stocking density of 16 rabbits/m2 and
61% of those living at the density of 12 rabbits/m2 were found on the side with mirrors (P<0.001)
during all the recordings. Group-penned rabbits showed a decisive preference toward mirrors during
the active period (71 to 74% for stocking densities of 12 and 16 rabbits/m2, respectively; P<0.001).
The results suggest that the mirrors’ presence offers some advantages, perhaps related to comfort and
welfare that could be used as environmental enrichments for fattening rabbits. However, the
installation costs should be taken into account before considering their use for long time individually
caged animals and for group-penned rabbits
Response of fattening rabbits reared under different housing conditions. 1. Live performance and health status
No full textIn a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment the effects of housing system (pair caged (cage): 2 rabbits/0.122 m(2) vs open top pen housed (pen): 13 rabbits/0.86 m(2): same stocking density), floor type (wire mesh vs plastic net) and environmental enrichment (with vs without gnawing stick) were studied on live performance, health status and welfare (ear lesions) of growing rabbits (n = 176). The housing system significantly influenced the body weight at 11 weeks of age (2630 vs 2557 g: in cage or pen, respectively) and the feed conversion (3.12 vs 3.38 g/g; in cage or pen, respectively). Floor type did not affect the traits tested. Gnawing stick consumption affected the body weight at 11 weeks of age (2553 vs 2622 g; without or with gnawing stick, respectively). the percentage of ear lesions (18.5 vs 1.20%; without or with gnawing stick, respectively). Some of the live performance traits of rabbits reared in pens was slightly lower. The presence of gnawing stick, especially in pens, reduced the aggressive behaviour and improved the welfare
Behaviour of growing rabbits under various housing conditions
No full textThe aim of this research was to assess the effects of environmental variables (group size, stocking density, floor type, environmental enrichment) on behaviour - as a welfare indicator - of growing rabbits. Two experiments were carried out with Parmon White rabbits. In experiment 1, 5-week-old rabbits (n = 112) were placed in cage blocks (2 m(2)) with a stocking density of 16 or 12 rabbits/m(2). The cages (0.5 m(2)) differed in the floor type (wire or plastic net) and in the presence or absence of gnawing sticks (white locust). The animals could move freely among the four cages through swing doors. Infrared video recording was performed once a week, the number of rabbits in each cage was counted every half an hour (48 times/day) during the 24 h video recording. Between ages 5 and 11 weeks the rabbits showed a preference towards the plastic net floor (16 rabbits/m(2), 62.5%; 12 rabbits/m(2), 76:5%; P < 0.001). Gnawing stick application significantly affected cage preference: 54.1% (16 rabbits/m(2)) or 53.1% (12 rabbits/m(2)) of the rabbits choose the enriched cages (P < 0.001). In experiment 2, the 5-week-old rabbits were placed either in cages (2 rabbits/0.12 m(2), n = 72) or pens (13 rabbits/0.86 m(2), n = 104) with 16 rabbits/m(2). The floor types were wire or plastic net, with the presence or absence of gnawing sticks on the walls. Video recordings were made at 6.5 and 10.5 weeks of age between 11:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. and between 11:00 p.m. and 05:00 a.m. Compared to cages, the rabbits housed in pens spent less time with resting (58% versus 67%) and more time with locomotion (6.7% versus 3.8%) but the frequency of aggressive behaviour (measured by the number of ear lesions) was also higher (0.14% versus 0.01%). In pens the application of gnawing sticks significantly decreased the frequency of ear injuries (0.05% versus 0.22%). The floor type did not affect any behavioural pattern (eating, drinking, movement, resting, comfort, social, investigatory) significantly. The main results showed that growing rabbits have a preference for plastic net floor and cages provided with gnawing sticks. The resting, locomotive and aggressive behaviour was modified by the housing system and the presence of gnawing sticks decreased the frequency of physical injuries
Response of fattening rabbits reared under different housing conditions. 2. Carcass and meat quality
No full textThis 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to study the effects of housing system (pair caged - cage - : 2 rabbits/0.122 m(2) vs open top pen housed - pen - : 13 rabbits/0.86 m(2); same stocking density), floor type (wire mesh vs plastic net), and environmental enrichment (with vs without gnawing stick) on the meat quality of Pannon White growing rabbits (n = 64). The housing system significantly influenced slaughter weight (2590 vs 2531 g in cage or pen, respectively; P<0.01), reference carcass (RC) weight (1266 vs 1234 g; in cage or pen, respectively; P<0.05), and the hind leg meat to bone ratio (6.11 vs 5.62 in cage or pen, respectively, P<0.001). The animals reared in pens showed paler meat with lower pH(u) than that of those reared paired in cages. Hind leg meat dry matter and protein content were also influenced by the housing system (26.3 vs 25.9%, 21.9 vs 21.6%; in cage or pen. respectively; P<0.05). Pen housed rabbits had significantly heavier femur and tibia bone weight and higher fracture toughness than pair caged rabbits. Floor type affected the fore part/RC weight ratio (29.2 vs 29.6% of the RC on plastic net or wire mesh, respectively). Gnawing stick presence increased slaughter yield (59.0 vs 58.3%: P<0.05), RC weight (1266 vs 1236 g; P<0.05) and the forepart/RC ratio (29.6 vs 29.2% RC; P<0.05) while significantly reducing the meat colour b* value and increasing m. Longissimus dorsi shear force (0.60 vs 0.50 kg/cm(2): p<0.01). The hind leg meat fatty acid profile was only slightly influenced by experimental factors. Although this study showed pair caged rabbits to have increased carcass weight with better meatiness and other meat quality traits, hind leg bone strength was shown to be higher in pen housed rabbits
EFFECT OF FLOOR TYPE AND GNAWING STICKON THE CAGE-CHOICE OF THE GROWINGRABBITS
No full textFive-week-old Pannon White rabbits (n=112)
were weaned and housed into two blocks of
cages applying stocking density of 12 or 16
rabbits/m2. Both blocks were divided into four
cages of wire mesh (n=2) or plastic mesh floor
(n=2). In every second cage a gnawing stick was
fixed on the wall. The rabbits could freely move
among the four cages of the same block through
swing doors. A 24-hour infrared video recording
was taken once a week and the rabbits in each
cage were counted every half an hour.
Significantly more rabbits chose the cages of
plastic floor (16 rabbits/m2: 62.5%, 12 rabbits/
m2: 76.5%) than the cages of wire mesh floor.
With the increasing age between 5 and 11 weeks,
the ratio of rabbits on wire mesh floor increased.
This results show that the rabbits accept a less
preferable floor type instead of staying in higher
stocking density (kg/rabbits). The preference of
cages with gnawing sticks was also significant
(53.1-54.1%) but this effect was less pronounced
than that of the floor type
Milk production of pseudopregnant multiparous does
No full textThe aim of the experiment was to evaluate the milk production of pseudopregnant does. In this experiment, data of multiparous, inseminated, pregnant (IP, n=15) does and two groups of presumably pseudopregnant multiparous does: inseminated, non-pregnant (INP, n=17) and induced to ovulation by GnRH (1.5 microgram per animal) at the day of insemination (11 d after parturition) (non-inseminated, ovulating: NIO, n=15) were analysed. The progesterone level was measured at the 12th d after treatment to determine if females were pseudopregnant. All IP and NIO does were pregnant and pseudopregnant, respectively. Within the INP group, 10 and 7 does were diagnosed as positive (INPO) or negative (INPNO) for pseudopregnancy. Two of the INPNO does perished during lactation. The average milk production of groups IP, INP and NIO was 212, 92 and 72 g/d, respectively (P160 g in the various groups were: IP=0, 0, 0, 0 and 100%, NIO=20, 13, 27, 40 and 0%, INP=15, 15, 15, 55 and 0%, respectively. The daily milk yield of the 5 INPNO does was 2, 6, 27, 84 and 139 g, respectively. These results demonstrated that multiparous empty does, pseudopregnant or non-pseudopregnant, can produce milk, but in lower quantities than multiparous does after kindling.Szendrö, Z.; Matics, Z.; Brecchia, G.; Theau-Clément, M.; Nagy, Z.; Princz, Z.; Biró-Németh, E.... (2010). Milk production of pseudopregnant multiparous does. World Rabbit Science. 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2010.18.1018
The development strategy of company Ltd. "ZS Veģi"
No full textBakalaura darba tēma ir „Uzņēmuma SIA „ZS Veģi” attīstības stratēģija”. Izstrādājot stratēģiju, tiek apzinātas stiprās un vājās puses, saskatītas ārējās vides iespējas un draudi, izmantojot uzņēmuma rīcībā esošos resursus un prasmes.
Bakalaura darba mērķis ir, balstoties uz teoriju, izanalizēt uzņēmuma SIA „ZS Veģi” darbību un izstrādāt attīstības stratēģijas pilnveidošanas elementus.
Darbs sastāv no 3 nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā autore apskata stratēģijas definīcijas un tās elementus, 2. nodaļā - lauksaimniecības un graudkopības attīstību. Autore 3. nodaļā analizē uzņēmuma attīstības stratēģijas elementus. Nobeigumā tiek izdarīti secinājumi un priekšlikumi uzņēmuma attīstības stratēģijas uzlabošanā.
Darbs ir izstrādāts latviešu valodā. Tā apjoms ir 67 lapaspuses, izmantoti 28 literatūras avoti, iekļauti 18 attēli, 7 tabulas un 2 pielikumi.The title of Bachelor Thesis is „The development strategy of company Ltd. „ZS Veģi”. Creating strategy there are identified strengths and weaknesses, distinguished external opportunities and threats by using available resources and skills of the company.
The aim of Bachelor Thesis is to analyze company “ZS Veģi” and to create development strategy’s improvement elements.
The Bachelor Thesis is divided in 3 chapters. In the first chapter author reviews definitions of strategy and its elements, in the 2nd chapter - development of agriculture and grain farming. In the third part author analyses company’s development strategy’s elements. Finally, there is given conclusion and suggestions by author for the company about development strategies improvements.
The Bachelor Thesis is written in Latvian. It consists of 67 pages; there are used 28 literature sources. It includes 18 pictures, 7 tables, 2 attachments
Proses Kreatif Isbedy Stiawan ZS dan Implikasinya Pada Pembelajaran Apresiasi Puisi
No full textThe current research was describing Isbedy Stiawan ZS’ creative process, Isbedy Stiawan ZS’ sociology study, and the implication of the research result toward poetry appreciation in college. This research used qualitative descriptive. The primary data source is obtained directly from the research subject, Isbedy Stiawan. ZS, through the interview process. The Secondary data obtained from several books poetry. The result shows Isbedy’s creative process through 2 stages namely Isbedy’s creative process through imagination and travel. In the sociology of Isbedy's authorship, there are three elements that influence his work: namely livelihood, the intended society, and the sociology of the author. The result of the research implies into the fourth BC 4, that is includes the competency are explained the inner structure in poetry. Penelitian ini adalah menggambarkan proses kreatif Isbedy Stiawan ZS, menggambarkan studi sosiologi Isbedy Stiawan ZS, dan menggambarkan implikasi dari hasil penelitian terhadap apresiasi puisi di perguruan tinggi. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data primer diperoleh langsung dari subjek penelitian adalah Isbedy Stiawan ZS melalui proses wawancara dan data sekunder diperoleh dari beberapa koleksi buku puisi oleh Isbedy Stiawan ZS mulai dari tahun 1984 hingga 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proses kreatif Isbedy melalui 2 tahap yaitu Isbedy proses kreatif melalui imajinasi dan perjalanan. Dalam sosiologi kepengarangan Isbedy, ada tiga elemen yang sangat mempengaruhi karyanya, yaitu mata pencaharian, masyarakat yang dituju, dan sosiologi penulis. Penelitian ini menyiratkan hasil penelitian ke dalam Kompetensi Dasar keempat (BC 4), yaitu menjelaskan struktur batin yang membentuk puisi. Rincian materi yang mencakup kompetensi dijelaskan struktur dalam (tema dan pesan) dalam puisi.Kata Kunci: Proses Kreatif, Pembelajaran, Apresiasi Puisi
Application of gnawing sticks in rabbit housing
No full text[EN] Four experiments are described relating to gnawing sticks application in rabbit housing. In experiment 1 and 2, Pannon White rabbits, weaned at the age of five weeks, were placed into pens with wire net floor. In experiment 1, every pen (180 animals in 12 pens, surface per head: 571 cm2) was provided with three gnawing sticks randomly chosen from White locust, Black elder, White willow, Little-leaf linden, European larch, Black poplar, European white birch, White buckeye and White mulberry species. In experiment 2 (150 animals in 10 pens, surface per head: 571 cm2), only those tree species ingested by rabbits in the first experiment were used (White locust, White willow, Little-leaf linden, Black poplar and White buckeye). In the second experiment, rabbits showed the highest preference towards gnawing sticks of Little-leaf linden, while similar White willow and White buckeye consumption was observed. In the experiment 3, rabbits¿ preference to different types of wood and the influence on rabbits¿ behaviour of added wooden sticks as environmental enrichment was studied. At the age of 38 days, 48 male SIKA rabbits were housed individually in wire cages (surface per head: 1500 cm2). According to the type of wood placed in the cage, rabbits were equally allotted to four groups: control, Common oak, Little-leaf linden and Norway spruce. Rabbits¿ preference to type of wood was studied on all the animals with wooden stick, while rabbits¿ behaviour was studied on 16 focus animals at the age of 5 and 13 weeks using continuous 24 hours video recordings. Rabbits preferred gnawing Little-leaf linden and Norway spruce compared to Common oak. Addition of gnawing sticks had no significant influence on duration of rabbits¿ behaviour, except for eating feed and gnawing wooden stick time. In experiment 4, the effect of housing and environmental enrichment on the performance and behaviour of growing rabbits was tested. 72 hybrid rabbits were housed after the weaning period in standard fattening cages at 2, 3, 4 animals per cage (surface per head: 1045 cm2, 697 cm2, 522 cm2, respectively). Half cages were enriched using a wood stick (Robinia pseudoacacia) dangling from the ceiling of the cage. The environmental enrichment decreased the stereotypies (gnawing the bars of the cage). A tendency to lower aggressive behaviours in enriched caged rabbits was also found compared to the conventional caged rabbits. This might indicate a better satisfaction of the behavioural needs for the enriched caged rabbits.Princz, Z.; Orova, Z.; Nagy, I.; Jordan, D.; Stuhec, I.; Luzi, F.; Verga, M.... (2007). Application of gnawing sticks in rabbit housing. World Rabbit Science. 15(1):29-36. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2007.607293615
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