1,721,067 research outputs found
I solai latero-cementizi nella costruzione moderna in Italia. 1930-1950.
No full textIl volume affronta il tema della nascita e dell’evoluzione dei solai misti in laterizio e calcestruzzo armato nell’Italia della prima metà del Novecento, attraverso un’indagine documentale condotta sulle fonti di archivio. L’indirizzo ricalca il profilo seguito dai recenti contributi nel campo della Storia della Costruzione, fornendo inedite chiavi interpretative tese a restituire un quadro aggiornato della cultura tecnica del periodo.
A partire dalla disamina del processo che ha condotto dall’uso dei tradizionali solai lignei fino alla commercializzazione dei moderni solai latero-cementizi industrializzati, passando attraverso l’impiego degli orizzontamenti ad orditura metallica quale snodo fondamentale per l’introduzione del concetto di prefabbricazione e di miglioramento delle prestazioni termo-acustiche, vengono evidenziate le motivazioni specifiche che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo delle tipologie prevalentemente utilizzate tra gli anni Trenta e Cinquanta
La vulnerabilità sismica degli aggregati edilizi. Una proposta per il costruito storico
No full textIl tema della sicurezza del costruito storico costituisce uno degli argomenti di maggior interesse nel settore del recupero edilizio. La conservazione e la salvaguardia di tale patrimonio passa, necessariamente, per il miglioramento delle prestazioni strutturali, specialmente in considerazione della significativa sismicità del nostro territorio. Il testo affronta un aspetto particolarmente delicato, ovvero la definizione di un protocollo per la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica degli aggregati edilizi dei centri storici, che consenta la pianificazione delle operazione di riduzione del rischio ed il monitoraggio delle condizione di sicurezza.
Partendo dal riconoscimento del ruolo essenziale che la qualità costruttiva svolge nel garantire significativi livelli di protezione e dell’importanza rivestita dai processi di trasformazione dell’edilizia storica, quali principali elementi di potenziale riduzione delle prestazioni strutturali, viene proposto un protocollo operativo che si articola in fasi di analisi alla scala urbana, ricerche archivistiche e rilievi della consistenza edilizia, per giungere alla elaborazione di indicatori sintetici di criticità che concorrono alla definizione di un indice di vulnerabilità atto ad individuare la predisposizione al danno di ogni singolo aggregato
Il progetto ADRISEISMIC: ricognizione delle tecniche costruttive nei centri storici dell’area Adriatico-Ionica. The ADRISEISMIC Project: a survey on the building techniques in the historic centres of the Adriatic-Ionian area.
Full text linkThe research herein presented was carried out within the issues of the Adriseismic project, funded by the Interreg Adrion program, to address seismic vulnerability through a multidisciplinary approach. The project aims at developing new integrated approaches to innovate and harmonise the normative, technical and training frameworks in the ADRION area, providing ready-to-use methods, tools and procedures that will be integrated into the existing policies and practices, thus strengthening local responses and reducing vulnerability to natural
hazards.
The starting point of the activities was to deepen the knowledge of the built heritage in each country involved in the project, especially the local building techniques in the historic centres of the Adriatic-Ionian area, then qualitatively correlate them to possible seismic weaknesses.
The typical construction characteristics of the buildings present in these Countries, both traditional and more recent ones, were analysed. In the first phase, the investigations were conducted by collecting all possible data in the six countries involved in the project: Italy, Croatia, Albania, Serbia, Slovenia and Greece. Then, the building techniques were divided according to their structural function, defining four macro-categories: vertical masonry structures, vertical reinforced concrete structures, horizontal structures and foundation structures.
In the last phase, the results collected for each country were compared, highlighting a common general framework with substantial similarities between the various countries’ construction characteristics, despite different historical-cultural events and distant regulatory practices.
This result demonstrates how the availability of the same building material governs construction solutions, even though human events are very different
Linee guida per la conservazione del Moderno. Quattro architetture di Giuseppe Vaccaro in Emilia Romagna.
No full textLo studio si pone l’obiettivo di delineare una metodologia finalizzata all'individuazione dei caratteri formali e funzionali da tutelare negli interventi di conservazione delle architetture del Moderno, quale base su cui impostare successive analisi in merito alla vulnerabilità sismica delle opere in oggetto per la proposta di interventi di miglioramento secondo quanto prescritto dalla normativa attuale.
Il presente contributo è incentrato su quattro opere di Giuseppe Vaccaro, realizzate in Emilia Romagna tra gli anni Trenta e gli anni Cinquanta del Novecento, quali casi di studio su cui orientare la definizione di un metodo di restituzione e valutazione da applicare poi su altri contesti
TOWARDS DIGITAL TWIN DRIVEN CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT: A HBIM-BASED WORKFLOW FOR ENERGY IMPROVEMENT OF MODERN BUILDINGS
Full text linkEurope has numerous historic buildings that need to become more energy-efficient, which need permanent maintenance and refurbishment to fulfill sustainability and use requirements. Asset owners and asset managers need to adopt new strategies to protect listed buildings while optimizing costs and benefits during their life cycle. In this sense, the digital transition proves to be a moment to seize for opening new scenarios. The Digital Twin paradigm promises to be valuable for enabling the sustainable knowledge, conservation, restoration, and management of built assets and solving the dilemma about protecting the architectural identity of these buildings while adapting them to the functional and performance requirements dictated by the regulatory framework. This study proposes a workflow that integrates Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools for data-driving the energy improvement of Italian listed modern buildings built between the 1920s and 1960s. After acquiring information about the building, the HBIM model and the Building Energy Model (BEM) are realized based on the International Foundation Classes (IFC) standard. Energy intervention measures are defined, construction costs are computed, and benefits during the intervention life cycle are predicted in thermal demand. Finally, an expeditious multi-criteria analysis allows for comparing different intervention combinations and indicating the optimal solution for the energy improvement of the building concerning energy, economic, and financial issues. These outcomes represent the first step towards realizing a dynamic, accessible, and sharable Digital Twin
NEW APPROACHES FOR SEISMIC IMPROVEMENT AND RENOVATION OF ADRIATIC AND IONIAN HISTORIC URBAN CENTRES. ADRISEISMIC in a nutshell
Full text linkThe ADRION area is heavily subject to natural hazards, and it is the highest risk earthquake area in Europe. The high vulnerability is due not only to the power of earthquakes, but also to the high population density and to the important value of the Cultural and Natural Heritage, confirmed by a large number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and UNESCO Geoparks.
Each involved Adriatic-Ionian Region has developed laws and norms, methods and techniques as well as expertise for tackling earthquake risks and for reducing seismic vulnerability of the built environment, in particular historical heritage buildings and public squares. Nevertheless, seismic vulnerability of urban areas and particularly historical centres remains at high level. Cooperating in environmental
risk prevention, management of emergencies, reconstruction and seismic retrofitting of damaged buildings can produce significant improvements in facing seismic vulnerability reduction in urban ADRION areas.
ADRISEISMIC overall project objective is to exchange and systematize knowledge and practices in tackling the reduction of the seismic vulnerability of the built environment in the six project partners’ countries (Albania, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Slovenia), to harmonize planning and management of emergencies after seismic events and the post-earthquake phase, by providing ready-to-use methods, tools and procedures that will be integrated into the existing policies and practices, thus strengthening local responses and reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. The main focus areas are the historical urban centres and historical squares and their surrounding buildings, conceived as symbol of local identity and socio-economic cores for the ADRION settlements.
The aim of this e-book is twofold: on the one hand, describing in detail the learning process developed within ADRISEISMIC project to stimulate the exchange of experience mainly at interregional and local levels. On the other hand, to present the main project outputs and results, which consist of the expeditious assessment methodology; 2 regional and 2 local Action Plans, developed respectively for region
of Crete in Greece and region of Bačka in Serbia, and the city of Gjirokaster in Albania and the city of Kaštela in Croatia; and the Moodle Platform, conceived as a key tool for setting a new cooperation network while improving skills and expertise concerning seismic vulnerability reduction.
The ADRISEISMIC e-book can be a useful reference for those who are interested in establishing an exchange of experience process among peers that are dealing with the same topics and co-designing tailored solutions at regional and local level with the active involvement of the local stakeholders
Computational 3D modeling supporting the preservation of historic timber roofs: the case of San Pietro's Cathedral in Bologna
No full textThis study analyzes the structural behaviour of historical roofs through an innovative non- destructive method to support their conscious maintenance and conservation. Starting from the case study of San Pietro's Cathedral in Bologna (Italy) - an impressive example of a 16th and 17th-century timber-framed roof preserved in all its authentic parts - this research aims to understand the causes and possible repercussions of structural deformations that timber trusses have undergone over their lifecycle and propose some criteria for their efficient preservation. Wooden structures have constantly been used worldwide in historical constructions with different configurations and technologies depending on the local availability of materials, their conception, and the expertise of workers. So they may present complex configurations as well as various ways of assembling linear elements, cutting joints, and connecting metal brackets and, above all, beams with irregular cross-sections. For this reason, the use of LIDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) and TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) techniques spread in the Cultural Heritage (CH) field in the last decades due to their precision and accuracy in surveying the geometry of elements that compose structures in short periods. While surveying methods are well-established in practice, the automatic transformation of laser-scanned point clouds into valuable information 3D models is still a recent issue. Visual Programming (VP) tools seem to be a leading technology to perform this issue since they require fewer programming skills than code programming; therefore, they are accessible also to experts in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) domain without specific programming expertise. Gathering such information about these structural systems is critical for three main issues. First, studying their history and the transformations they have undergone throughout the centuries is essential for comprehending their material culture and holding their historical values. Secondly, knowing the current state of these objects is necessary for performing a conscious conservation design, planning maintenance and allowing the everyday use of buildings that they cover. Thirdly, investigating and monitoring their conservation state can help get information about the health of the underlying structures and the whole building. The method used for investigating the structural behavior of San Pietro's roof framing is based on a different approach from traditional Structural Mechanics, both from the instrumental and theoretical points of view. It mainly consists of archival studies, in-situ inspections, digital surveys, computational 3D modeling algorithms, and reverse engineering procedures. The premise behind the method consists of taking advantage of the large amount and accuracy of spatial information produced by the TLS survey. These data are used to enable a highly detailed analysis of timber trusses and, thus, to develop comparative information on their static behavior and preservation state. Moreover, the combination of processed geometrical data with historical research makes it possible to build up hypotheses on the structural behavior of the trusses. In addition, a monitoring phase could be performed to control structural displacements or deterioration of elements over time or after accidental events, such as fires, windstorms, or earthquakes. The method was applied, tested and validated by previous analyses that allowed acquiring and processing of consistent information about several wooden roofing systems in Bologna (Italy), belonging to a set of remarkable historic churches and theaters from the 16th and 18th centuries. This paper illustrates the most recent update of this research. Since the assessment method is continuously under development, it has been extended for San Pietro's Cathedral in Bologna, whose trusses are the most complex among the previously examined in terms of structural type and size (about 26 meters in span). Based on a few theoretical assumptions on the in-situ behavior of timber trusses reported in earlier studies, the trusses' original deformation state was determined by removing both inand out-of-plane displacements. The principal hypotheses accounted for the lateral bearings remaining in their original position, the projection of the centroidal axes of all beams onto the vertical plane of the truss, a slight bending deformation of the tie-beams, the inward translation and lowering of the joints between rafters and posts, the rotation of bottom rafters around the virtual center of the lateral bearings, and the absence of axial deformations of beams. The analyses conducted on the Cathedral's trusses have shown that most of them have similar structural behavior in terms of hypothetical deformations undergone since their original state. According to results, the maximum hypothetical vertical translation documented for the primary joints is equal to 13 centimeters. These deformations are modest considering that all the trusses cover a span of about 26 meters and comparing them with other case studies. These low displacements are probably related to the unique structural scheme of the San Pietro's trusses, as well as to their exemplary construction technique. Nevertheless, the asymmetrical behavior registered for most of the trusses must not be disregarded. Non-symmetrical loads on the roofing system could be provoked, for example, by the persistence of snow on the North-facing pitch after heavy snowfalls. They could trigger kinematics for which the trusses cannot respond, causing unexpected tension changes in the elements or excessive displacements of joints that could cause the loss of connection between the elements The whole analysis suggested that it would be appropriate to insert metallic straps connecting the primary truss beams, such as rafters, straining beams, tie beams, and posts, inhibiting the structure's vulnerability to non-symmetrical loads, and increasing the degree of the constraint of joints and notches. These minimal and reversible interventions are strictly necessary to preserve the cultural values of these fascinating construction systems and ensure the safety of the building. Programmatic maintenance and monitoring of the wooden roof are also required to keep the state of preservation of trusses under control, suggesting timely intervention and preventing deterioration phenomena from spreading to the collapse of the structures
Calculation methods for reinforced concrete structures at the beginning of the 20th century: The Modernissimo Theater in Bologna
No full textPalazzo Ronzani represents a junction between local tradition and modernity as it collects different construction solutions: a reinforced concrete frame, unreinforced concrete masonry, and load-bearing masonry. The structural design followed the Hennebique system, but the archival documentation contains a limited number of documents about the structural design, and no structural calculation report to confirm the adoption of the system. The paper focuses on the study of its structural calculation, simulating the procedure that technicians must undertake in intervening on buildings dated to the beginning of the 20th century, with calculation and construction documentation often missing. The restoration site of the theater offered the opportunity to carry out specialized structural surveys, bringing to light the traditional stirrups and the huge smooth iron reinforcements. The theoretical simulation of the calculation procedure has highlighted the correspondence between the patent and the real situation, confirming the adoption of the system and its excellent structural performance
Building Information Model Analysis Through Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs
No full textThe advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) seems to mark a break between past and present in the methods of structuring knowledge, making it possible today to transfer this capability to machines even in a sector like AECO, always been information-intensive but resistant to technological transition. In terms of knowledge, the most established paradigm has been Building Information Modelling (BIM), with IFC functioning as the main schema for standardizing the industry's information. Added to this are knowledge graphs that, emerging with semantic web technologies, allow storing knowledge in structures consisting of nodes and edges with semantic meanings. Nevertheless, a barrier to the widespread adoption of BIM is its accessibility. Querying BIM models is often limited for stakeholders without digital skills, who may struggle to access the vast amount of information stored in these complex informative models. In an attempt to outline one of the possible uses of LLMs in BIM, this research proposes a method for querying BIM models through textual prompts aimed at analyzing a selected case study. In the workflow, a BIM model is first realized. Then, data is integrated into a knowledge graph. Next, ChatGPT's LLMs are used to activate query functions for the analysis of the graph. The results of the queries are displayed in a user-friendly graphical user interface. The study's outcomes offer insights for researchers and industry professionals, highlighting emerging research potentials for LLMs in the field
Digital Decision Support System Prototyping for Building Performance Analysis and Management
No full textThe ongoing transformation of the AECO sector towards digitalization has led to a growing need for digital decision support systems (DDSS) to aid in managing built heritage. While there have been many technological improvements in this area, creating these digital tools still demands substantial technical and financial investments and highly specialized IT competencies. To respond to this challenge, this paper presents BTwin, a toolkit developed to facilitate the prototyping processes of DDSSs for performance-oriented building management. This open-source software, implemented in Python, allows for integrating building data from multiple sources into graph networks, such as building information models and building performance simulations, meters, and sensors. This integration capability, supported by specific semantic and ontological rules, is complemented by the possibility of quickly displaying the data on interactive dashboards accessible to non-expert users. After explaining the theoretical framework behind the toolkit, the paper showcases its practical application in a university building, focusing on energy- and occupancy-related topics
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