1,721,010 research outputs found
Using bit error rate to improve quality of service in ad hoc networks
No full textDans les réseaux sans fil ad hoc, les liens de communication sont sujets à un taux d'erreurimportant. Dans ce contexte, le routage joue un rôle stratégique pour augmenter les performancesdans les transmissions. Dans nos études, par une approche cross-layer, nous prenons en compte lafiabilité des liens dans le choix des routes. Pour cela, dans un premier temps, nous construisonsdeux nouvelles métriques, l'une basée sur le taux d'erreur binaire (au niveau couche physique) etl'autre, plus adaptée à la mesure, sur le nombre de retransmissions (au niveau couche MAC).Ensuite, pour exploiter ces métriques lors du calcul de routes, nous adaptons les algorithmes à labase des protocoles de routage.Les trois familles de protocoles de routage ont été traitées : les protocoles pro-actifs où chaquenoeud a une vision globale du réseau grâce aux échanges périodiques de messages de contrôle detopologie ; les protocoles réactifs où, avant de commencer ses transmissions de données, chaquenoeud doit initier un processus de recherche de route ; les protocoles hybrides qui mixent les deuxapproches.Pour tester l'effectivité de nos améliorations, nous utilisons le simulateur NS2 enrichi par unmodèle de propagation et un modèle de mobilité réalistes. Les paramètres de performance tels quele délai, le taux de livraison de paquets et la charge de routage sont mesurés dans plusieursscénarios représentatifs des conditions d'utilisation. Les résultats obtenus montrent une améliorationsignificative des protocoles standards dans un contexte de qualité de service.In ad hoc wireless networks, links are error-prone. In this context, routing plays a decisive role inimproving transmission performances. In our studies, by a cross-layer approach, we take intoaccount the reliability of links in route choice. For this, first, we concept two new metrics, onebased on bit error rate (at physical layer) and the other, more suitable for the measurement, onnumber of retransmissions (at MAC layer). Then, to exploit these metrics when determining routes,we adapt the algorithms based routing protocols.The three families of routing protocols have been addressed: proactive protocols where eachnode has a global view of the network through periodic exchanges of topology control messages;reactive protocols where, before starting data transmission, each node must initiate a routediscovery process; hybrid protocols which mix the two approaches.To test the effectiveness of our enhancements, we use the simulator NS.2 enhanced by arealistic propagation model and a realistic mobility model. Performance parameters such as delay,packets delivery ratio and routing load are measured in several scenarios including mobility andmulti-communication. The results show a significant improvement of standard protocols in thequality of service context
Radio link adaptation strategy for dynamical channel in VANET context - QoS optimisation
No full textCette thèse traite de l'optimisation des communications dans les réseaux véhiculaires à l'aided'une plate-forme de simulation réaliste. Un environnement réaliste implique des modèles demobilité adaptés aux véhicules ainsi que des modèles de couche physique détaillés (modèles decanaux et chaîne de transmission numérique).Notre travail a d'abord consisté à concevoir une plate-forme de simulation réaliste dédiée auxVANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks). Cette plate-forme a été complétée par un modèle depropagation semi-déterministe que nous avons conçu. L'avantage de ce modèle, appelé UMCRT,est d'avoir un réalisme équivalent à un modèle déterministe tout en réduisantsignificativement le temps de calcul. Ce modèle a été validé par comparaison avec unsimulateur déterministe à tracé de rayons.Nous avons ensuite utilisé cette plate-forme pour évaluer des protocoles de routage.L'efficacité de ces différents protocoles ad hoc testés en conditions réalistes nous a permis defocaliser notre étude sur les protocoles réactifs. De cette évaluation, nous avons retenu AODV(Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) auquel nous avons notamment appliqué une métriquecross layer pour pallier la baisse de performance induite par le réalisme. Nous avons ensuiteutilisé une technique de tuning appliquée à des protocoles réactifs. Finalement, nous avonsévalué différentes couches physiques, SISO (Simple Input Simple Output) et MIMO (MultipleImput Multiple Output).Ces travaux montrent que seules des améliorations combinées à différents niveaux (physique etréseau) permettraient d'apporter une amélioration significative des performances.This thesis deals with the optimization of communications in vehicular networks by using arealistic simulation platform. A realistic environment implies the usage of mobility modelsadapted to vehicles and also highly detailed physical models (channel models and digitaltransmission chain).The first part of our work has consisted in the design of a realistic simulation platformdedicated to VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks). This platform has been completed by asemi-deterministic propagation model which we have designed. This model called UM-CRThas the advantage to have the same level of realism than a deterministic model while requiringmuch less computation time. This model has been validated by comparison with a deterministicray tracing simulator.We then have used this platform to evaluate routing protocols. The efficiency of different adhoc routing protocols in realistic conditions has led us to focus our study on the family ofreactive protocols. From this evaluation we have selected AODV (Ad hoc On demandDistance Vector) to which we have applied a cross-layer metric in order to reduce theperformance degradation caused by the realistic environment. We then have used a tuningtechnique with reactive protocols. Finally, we have evaluated several SISO and MIMOphysical layers. This work shows that only improvements combined at different levels (physicaland network) can yield a significant increase in performance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Contribution of PLC and wireless technologies to supervision of electric distribution networks
No full textLe déploiement d'une infrastructure de supervision permet une gestion plus intelligente des réseaux de distribution d'électricité comparé à un renforcement traditionnel pour répondre aux nouveaux enjeux de la maitrise de l'énergie (Consommations, EnR, VE, ...). Pour acheminer les données, les Courants Porteurs en Ligne (CPL) possèdent un atout majeur. En effet, cette technologie permet de superposer un signal de plus haute fréquence au signal électrique 50/60 Hz. Toutefois, le support de transmission est difficile et non maîtrisable. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif d'apporter une contribution à cette problématique par l'élaboration d'une plateforme de simulation des réseaux pour des fréquences allant jusqu'à 1 MHz dans un but de transmission de données. Des éléments clés des réseaux sont traités de façon séparés puis assemblés pour estimer les performances des CPL « Outdoor » actuels. La variation du comportement des réseaux en fonction du temps et de la fréquence, en particulier des perturbations en tête d'installation clients sur 24h est étudiée. Les transformateurs entre les réseaux HTA et BT sont modélisés sous la forme d'un « modèle à constantes localisées » et d'un « modèle boite noire ». Les deux modèles sont appliqués sur un transformateur H61 100 kVA. Par la suite, une modélisation des câbles de distribution est proposée sous forme d'un « modèle cascadé ». Celle-ci est appliquée sur un câble souterrain BT. Chaque modèle est obtenu à l'aide de mesures d'impédances, et validé par des mesures de transmissions. Pour compléter, une étude préliminaire sur les communications radio mobile est réalisée pour la supervision des réseaux de distribution.Establishing a supervisory infrastructure allows a better smart management than an expensive strengthening of distribution network to respond to new constraints at the energies control (Consumption, REN, EV ...). To transmit data, Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies present an advantage in this context. In fact, it enables a superposition of High Frequency (HF) signals on electrical signal 50/60 Hz. However, electric networks have not been developed to this application because of difficult propagation conditions. This research work makes a contribution to develop a simulation platform in objective to transmit data to 1 MHz. In first time, each network element is studied singly and in second time, together, to estimate "Outdoor PLC" transmission performance. The first element studied is the networks variation in function of frequency and time. Several 24h disturbance measurements on LV customers are presented. The second element is the transformers which established connection between Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV). The proposed modeling method is based on a "lumped model" and a "black box model". These models are applied to a 100 kVA H61 transformer most commonly used by French distribution system operator in rural and suburban networks. The third element is the power line used in MV and LV networks. The proposed modeling method is based on a "cascaded model" from the theory of transmission line. This model is applied to one power line used in LV underground network. Each model is obtained from various impedance measurements. To complete, an introductory study on mobile radio communication is performed to remote network distribution
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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