1,721,012 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Oxidative stress and HIV infection: Target pathways for novel therapies?
No full textOxidative stress is thought to play an important role in the progression of HIV infection. In fact, it has been observed that perturbations in antioxidant defense systems, and consequently redox imbalance, are present in many tissues of HIV-infected patients. Moreover, there is clear evidence that oxidative stress may contribute to several aspects of HIV disease, including viral replication, inflammatory response and decreased immune cell proliferation. For this reason, the exogenous supply of antioxidants, as natural compounds and new-generation antioxidants that scavenge free radicals, might represent an important additional strategy for the treatment of HIV infection in the era after HAART therapy has been applied. © 2008 Future Medicine Ltd
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Mechanisms underlying activity of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-1-infected macrophages: new therapeutic strategies
No full textMonocyte-derived macrophages (M/M)
are considered the second cellular target of HIV-1
and a crucial virus reservoir. M/M are widely distributed
in all tissues and organs, including the
CNS, where they represent the most common HIVinfected
cells. Differently from activated CD4 T
lymphocytes, M/M are resistant to the cytopathic
effect of HIV and survive HIV infection for a long
time. Moreover, HIV-1 replication in M/M is a key
pathogenetic event during the course of HIV-1 infection.
Overall findings strongly support the clinical
relevance of anti-HIV drugs in M/M. Nucleoside
RT inhibitors (NRTIs) are more active against
HIV in M/M than in CD4 T lymphocytes. Their
activity is further boosted by the presence of an
additional monophosphate group (i.e., a phosphonate
group, as in the case of Tenofovir), thus overcoming
the bottleneck of the low phosphorylation
ability of M/M. In contrast, the antiviral activity of
non-NRTIs (not affecting the DNA chain elongation)
in M/M is similar to that in CD4 T lymphocytes.
Protease inhibitors are the only clinically
approved drugs acting at a late stage of the HIV
lifecycle. They are able to interfere with HIV replication
in HIV-1 chronically infected M/M, even if
at concentrations greater than those observed in
HIV-1 chronically infected CD4 T lymphocytes.
Finally, several new drugs have been shown to interfere
efficiently with HIV replication in M/M, including
entry inhibitors. A better understanding of
the activity of the anti-HIV drugs in M/M may represent
a key element for the design of effective
anti-HIV chemotherapy
Comparative antiviral activity of integrase inhibitors in human monocyte-derived macrophages and lymphocytes
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