18,008 research outputs found
A Consistency Theorem for Regular Conditional Distributions
No full textLet (omega, beta) be a measurable space, An in B a sub-sigma-field and µn a random probability measure, n >= 1. In various frameworks, one looks for a probability P on B such that µn is a regular conditional distribution for P given An for all n. Conditions for such a P to exist are given. The conditions are quite simple when (omega, beta) is a compact Hausdorff space equipped with the Borel or the Bairesigma-field (as well as under other similar assumptions). Such conditions are then applied to Bayesian statistics.Posterior distribution, Random probability measure, Regular conditional distribution.
"Put your own house in order first": local perceptions of EU influence on Romani integration policies in the Czech Republic
No full textThis article examines the influence of the European Union (EU) on the development and implementation of Romani integration policy in the Czech Republic from the perspective of those responsible for policy delivery. Based on analysis of key policy documents and research conducted in the Czech Republic, this article first examines how Romani integration became a more important issue during membership negotiations and then discusses how the criticism of the European Commission's Regular Reports was received by those responsible for implementing pro-Romani policies. Finally, the paper assesses how the status of full EU membership has impacted on integration policy. The article concludes that while funding for Romani integration projects has benefitted some groups, the overall impression of the EU is of a remote institution, quick to criticise and unwilling to practise what it preaches
Analysis of Fractional-Slot Concentrated Winding PM Vernier Machines With Regular Open-Slot Stators
No full textPermanent magnet (PM) vernier (PMV) machines have been extensively researched for direct-drive applications due to their inherently high torque density. This paper presents a quantitative investigation on fractional-slot concentrated winding PMV (FSCW-PMV) machines with regular open-slot stator topology. Based on winding theory, the configuration of two winding types, i.e., nonoverlapping winding and FSCW with two-slot coil pitch are analytically derived for PMV machines, respectively. Through finite element analysis, comparative study of FSCW-PMV machines, regular integral slot winding PMV machines, and regular PM machines are performed. It is found that the flux modulation effect also exists in regular nonoverlapping winding PM machines. In other words, the regular nonoverlapping winding PM machine also belongs to the PMV machine family. The PMV machine with two-slot coil pitch is newly proposed, and turns out to be a promising PMV machine topology with competitive torque capability and power factor. Finally, a prototype of 18-slot, 14-rotor pole pair, and 4-stator pole pair PMV machine with two-slot coil pitch is built. Experimental results show that the torque density of the prototype can reach 20.0 kNm/m3 and the power factor is 0.91
The emergence of "regular and predictable" as a Treasury debt management strategy
No full textDuring the 1970s, U.S. Treasury officials revised the framework within which they selected the maturities of new notes and bonds. Previously, they chose maturities on an offering-by-offering basis. By 1982, the Treasury had ceased these "tactical" sales and was selling notes and bonds on a "regular and predictable" schedule. This article describes that key change in the Treasury's debt management strategy. The author shows that in 1975, Treasury officials financed an unusually rapid expansion of the federal deficit with a flurry of tactical offerings. Because the timing and maturities of the offerings followed no predictable pattern, the sales sometimes took investors by surprise, disrupting the market. These events led Treasury officials to embrace a more regularized program of regular and predictable issuance - a program they had been using for decades to auction bills. The Treasury's switch to regular and predictable issuance of notes and bonds was widely praised for reducing the element of surprise in Treasury offering announcements, facilitating investor planning, and decreasing Treasury borrowing costs.Treasury notes ; Treasury bonds ; Deficit financing ; Auctions
Eigenvalues and completeness for regular and simply irregular two-point differential operators
No full textAugust 29, 2006.In this monograph the author develops the spectral theory for an nth order two-point differential operator L in the Hilbert space L2[0,1], where L is determined by an nth order formal differential operator ℓ having variable coefficients and by n linearly independent boundary values B1,…,Bn. Using the Birkhoff approximate solutions of the differential equation (ρnI−ℓ)u=0, the differential operator L is classified as belonging to one of three possible classes: regular, simply irregular, or degenerate irregular. For the regular and simply irregular classes, the author develops asymptotic expansions of solutions of the differential equation (ρnI−ℓ)u=0, constructs the characteristic determinant and Green's function, characterizes the eigenvalues and the corresponding algebraic multiplicities and ascents, and shows that the generalized eigenfunctions of L are complete in L2[0,1]. He also gives examples of degenerate irregular differential operators illustrating some of the unusual features of this class.1. Introduction -- 2. Birkhoff approximate solutions -- 3. The approximate characteristic determinant: classification -- 4. Asymptotic expansion of solutions -- 5. The characteristic determinant -- 6. The Green's function -- 7. The eigenvalues for n even -- 8. The eigenvalues for n odd -- 9. Completeness of the generalized eigenfunctions -- 10. The case L = T, degenerate irregular examples -- 11. Unsolved problems -- 12. Appendix
Accuracy of predicting milk yield from alternative milk recording schemes
No full textpeer-reviewedThe effect of reducing the frequency of official milk recording and the number of recorded samples per test-day on the accuracy of predicting daily yield and cumulative 305-day yield was investigated. A control data set consisting of 58 210 primiparous cows with milk test-day records every 4 weeks was used to investigate the influence of reduced milk recording frequencies. The accuracy of prediction of daily yield with one milk sample per test-day was investigated using 41 874 testday records from 683 cows. Results show that five or more test-day records taken at 8-weekly intervals (A8) predicted 305-day yield with a high level of accuracy. Correlations between 305-day yield predicted from 4-weekly recording intervals (A4) and from 8-weekly intervals were 0.99, 0.98 and 0.98 for milk, fat and protein, respectively. The mean error in estimating 305-day yield from the A8 scheme was 6.8 kg (s.d. 191 kg) for milk yield, 0.3 kg (s.d. 10 kg) for fat yield, and −0.3 kg (s.d. 7 kg) for protein yield, compared with the A4 scheme. Milk yield and composition taken during either morning (AM) or evening (PM) milking predicted 24-h yield with a high degree of accuracy. Alternating between AM and PM sampling every 4 weeks predicted 305-day yield with a higher degree of accuracy than either all AM or all PM sampling. Alternate AM-PM recording every 4 weeks and AM + PM recording every 8 weeks produced very similar accuracies in predicting 305-day yield compared with the official AM + PM recording every 4 weeks
Mapping a class of run-time dependencies onto regular arrays
No full textThe production of regular computations using algorithmic engineering techniques is beginning to play an important role in the synthesis of massively parallel and VLSI processor arrays. The author widens the class of algorithms that can be formally synthesized by introducing a mapping theorem for a class of algorithms with run-time dependencies. The technique is illustrated by deriving uniform recurrences for the so-called knapsack problem, the resulting systolic array is known to be optimal
Regular treatment with formoterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events
No full textEpidemiological evidence has suggested a link between beta(2)-agonists and increases in asthma mortality. There has been much debate about possible causal links for this association, and whether regular (daily) long-acting beta2-agonists are safe.ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to assess the risk of fatal and non-fatal serious adverse events in trials that randomised patients with chronic asthma to regular formoterol versus placebo or regular short-acting beta2-agonists.Search methodsWe identified trials using the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials. We checked websites of clinical trial registers for unpublished trial data and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) submissions in relation to formoterol. The date of the most recent search was January 2012.Selection criteriaWe included controlled, parallel design clinical trials on patients of any age and severity of asthma if they randomised patients to treatment with regular formoterol and were of at least 12 weeks' duration. Concomitant use of inhaled corticosteroids was allowed, as long as this was not part of the randomised treatment regimen.Data collection and analysisTwo authors independently selected trials for inclusion in the review. One author extracted outcome data and the second author checked them. We sought unpublished data on mortality and serious adverse events.Main resultsThe review includes 22 studies (8032 participants) comparing regular formoterol to placebo and salbutamol. Non-fatal serious adverse event data could be obtained for all participants from published studies comparing formoterol and placebo but only 80% of those comparing formoterol with salbutamol or terbutaline.Three deaths occurred on regular formoterol and none on placebo; this difference was not statistically significant. It was not possible to assess disease-specific mortality in view of the small number of deaths. Non-fatal serious adverse events were significantly increased when regular formoterol was compared with placebo (Peto odds ratio (OR) 1.57; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.31). One extra serious adverse event occurred over 16 weeks for every 149 people treated with regular formoterol (95% CI 66 to 1407 people). The increase was larger in children than in adults, but the impact of age was not statistically significant. Data submitted to the FDA indicate that the increase in asthma-related serious adverse events remained significant in patients taking regular formoterol who were also on inhaled corticosteroids.No significant increase in fatal or non-fatal serious adverse events was found when regular formoterol was compared with regular salbutamol or terbutaline.Authors' conclusionsIn comparison with placebo, we have found an increased risk of serious adverse events with regular formoterol, and this does not appear to be abolished in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids. The effect on serious adverse events of regular formoterol in children was greater than the effect in adults, but the difference between age groups was not significant.Data on all-cause serious adverse events should be more fully reported in journal articles, and not combined with all severities of adverse events or limited to those events that are thought by the investigator to be drug-related
Evaluation of the maximum beyond-use-date stability of regular human insulin extemporaneously prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride in a polyvinyl chloride bag
No full textMegan A Rocchio, Caryn D Belisle, Bonnie C Greenwood, Michael C Cotugno, Paul M SzumitaDepartment of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USABackground: Regular human insulin 100 units added to a sufficient quantity of 0.9% sodium chloride, to yield a total volume of 100 mL within a polyvinylchloride bag, is accepted to be stable for 24 hours due to physical denaturation and chemical modification. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extended stability of such extemporaneously prepared regular human insulin, stored under refrigeration, to the maximum beyond-use-date allowed by United States Pharmacopeia chapter 797.Methods: At time “0” three admixtures of regular human insulin were prepared by withdrawing 1 mL of regular human insulin with a concentration of 100 units/mL and adding it to a sufficient quantity of 0.9% sodium chloride for injection in a polyvinylchloride bag to yield a total volume of 100 mL. The three admixtures were stored under refrigeration (2°C–8°C [36°F–46°F]), and one sample of each admixture was withdrawn and tested in duplicate at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 312, and 336 hours. Utilizing high performance liquid chromatography, each sample underwent immediate testing. The time points were stable if the mean concentration of the samples exceeded 90% of the equilibrium concentration at 6 hours.Results: The equilibrium concentration was 0.89 units/mL. Time points were stable if the mean concentration was at least 0.80 units/mL. All time points retained at least 90% of the equilibrium concentration, with the exception of hour 168 (0.79 ± 0.03 units/mL). At 192 hours the mean concentration was 0.88 ± 0.03 units/mL. At 336 hours the mean concentration was 0.91 ± 0.02 units/mL.Conclusion: Based on these results, regular human insulin 100 units added to 0.9% sodium chloride for injection in a polyvinylchloride bag to yield a total volume of 100 mL is stable for up to 336 hours when stored at 2°C–8°C (36°F–46°F).Keywords: insulin, stability, storage, temperature, USP 797, sodium chloride, polyvinylchlorid
The Impact Of The Development Of ICT In Several Hungarian Economic Sectors
No full textAs the author could not find a reassuring mathematical and
statistical method in the literature for studying the effect of
information communication technology on enterprises, the author
suggested a new research and analysis method that he also used to study the Hungarian economic sectors. The question of what
factors have an effect on their net income is vital for enterprises. At first, the author studied some potential indicators related to economic sectors, then those indicators were compared to the net income of the surveyed enterprises. The resulting data showed that the growing penetration of electronic marketplaces contributed to the change of the net income of enterprises to the greatest extent.
Furthermore, among all the potential indicators, it was the only indicator directly influencing the net income of enterprises.
With the help of the compound indicator and the financial data
of the studied economic sectors, the author made an attempt to find a connection between the development level of ICT and
profitability. Profitability and productivity are influenced by a lot of other factors as well. As the effect of the other factors could not be measured, the results – shown in a coordinate system - are not full but informative.
The highest increment of specific Gross Value Added was
produced by the fields of ‘Manufacturing’, ‘Electricity, gas and water supply’, ‘Transport, storage and communication’ and
‘Financial intermediation’. With the exception of ‘Electricity, gas and water supply’, the other economic sectors belong to the group of underdeveloped branches (below 50 percent).
On the other hand, ‘Construction’, ‘Health and social work’ and
‘Hotels and restaurants’ can be seen as laggards, so they got into the lower left part of the coordinate system.
‘Agriculture, hunting and forestry’ can also be classified as a
laggard economic sector, but as the effect of the compound
indicator on the increment of Gross Value Added was less
significant, it can be found in the upper left part of the coordinate system. Drawing a trend line on the points, it can be made clear that it shows a positive gradient, that is, the higher the usage of ICT devices, the higher improvement can be detected in the specific Gross Value Added
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