1,720,980 research outputs found
Evaluating the interaction between early postnatal inflammation and maternal care in the programming of adult anxiety and depression-related behaviors
No full textThe perinatal development of the nervous system is influenced by different external and internal stimuli. Previous data show that maternal care and perinatal inflammation can induce long-term changes in anxiety- and depression-related behavior. Our hypothesis is that both maternal care and perinatal inflammation act through interacting biological pathways to program adult behavior. To evaluate this interaction, we combined a protocol of maternal care variation in mice (C57BL/6J×BALB/c reciprocal
F1 offspring) with the administration of bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a previously reported sensitive development age (postnatal day 3, P3). The analysis of maternal behavior revealed that pups from C57BL/6J dams received more maternal attention than those taken care by BALB/c dams. Pups receiving LPS at P3 showed an acute corticosterone response, and a dose-dependent desensitization of this hormonal response when challenged with LPS at adulthood. We analyzed adult behavior on 6 highly validated tests and found an interaction between maternal care and early postnatal LPS on 7
anxiety-related behaviors in 4 different tests. In particular, early postnatal LPS treatment resulted in higher anxiety-related behavior when administered to females receiving more maternal care (C57 pedigree), but reduced depression-related behavior in males of the same pedigree. These results suggest that specific coping strategies are sensitive to maternal care and/or postnatal inflammation programming of adult anxiety- and depression-related behaviors, suggesting that both divergent and convergent mechanisms participate in this programming
Hepatic CC chemokines control the magnitude of the inflammatory response within the injured rodent brain
No full textHepatic CXC chemokines, behaving as acute phase proteins, regulate neutrophil mobilisation and recruitment following focal IL-1h-mediated inflammation to the rat brain. To determine whether this response was specific to CXC chemokines or whether it represented a more generalised response to acute brain inflammation, we examined brain and liver production of MCP-1, a CC chemokine, when rats were microinjected with TNF-a into the brain. As early as 2h after the TNF-a challenge, MCP-1 mRNA and protein were observed in the liver by Taqman RT-PCR and ELISA. The serum MCP-1 level was also elevated between 2 and 4 h, which was consistent with maximal mobilisation of leukocytes into the blood. Monocyte recruitment was most marked in the liver after 6 h, but was delayed in the brain until 24 h. Elevated hepaticand serum chemokines are implicated in the control of leukocytosis and leukocyte recruitment to the brain and liver, since dexamethasone pretreatment attenuated the hepatic MCP-1 response, modulated leukocyte mobilisation and reduced monocyte entry not only to the brain but also to the liver. Thus hepatic chemokine production controls and amplifies the CNS response to inflammation by controlling the rate, timing, magnitude and composition of leukocyte recruitment to the damaged brain
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Functional effects of the chronic expression of IL-1 beta in the striatum
No full textInterleukin-1 beta (IL-1) is associated with a spectrum of inflammatory processes related to neurodegenerative disease. The effects of single-bolus injections of IL-1 into the CNS parenchyma give rise to neutrophil (PMN) recruitment, transient blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, but no overt damage to CNS integrity. The effects of long-term IL-1 expression in brain parenchyma on CNS integrity have not been investigated. We used a recombinant adenovirus expressing IL-1 (AdIL-1) to examine the chronic effects of IL-1 expression in the CNS. Histochemical and immunohistochemical methods were used to characterize the immune response to an intrastriatal injection of 107 pfu of AdIL-1 and ELISA to quantified the IL-1 protein produced by the adenovector. IL-1 expression was detectable at 4, 8, 14, and 30 days postinjection. At days 1 and 2, some monocyte adherence was observed in the lumen of the vessels but between days 8 and 14 there was marked and restricted recruitment of PMNs, vasodilatation and breakdown of the BBB. Microglia and astrocyte activation was evident at days 2, 8 and 14. At days 8 and 14, disorganization of the nervous tissue, demyelination were observed. The number of neurons in the striatum was not affected by the treatment. At 30 days, the nervous tissue appeared normal with no signs of demyelination, infiltration or BBB breakdown. Thus, we show that chronic expression of IL-1 can damage CNS integrity, that IL-1 generates a restricted leukocyte recruitment profile in the CNS, and that there is no tachyphylaxis to chronic IL-1 expression<br/
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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