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Articolo 2086 c.c. e conseguenze della riforma della crisi d’impresa sui rapporti di lavoro subordinati
Full text linkIl presente elaborato ha l’obiettivo di ricostruire, analizzare e valutare gli effetti, diretti e indiretti, del recente decreto legislativo n. 14/2019, che ha riformato il diritto fallimentare e approvato il Codice della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza (CCII), entrato definitivamente in vigore il 15 luglio 2022, sulla gestione dei rapporti di lavoro subordinato, prima e dopo l’eventuale dichiarazione di fallimento dell’azienda datrice di lavoro. Si tratta quindi di un progetto di ricerca interdisciplinare che lambisce sia il diritto del lavoro che il diritto della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza.
Infatti, la normativa e le prassi in materia di crisi d’impresa a partire dall’anno 2020 hanno subito importanti modificazioni per effetto della piena entrata in vigore del Codice della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza. Tra le novità entrate in vigore già nell’anno precedente figura l’art. 375, il quale, andando a modificare l’art. 2086 c.c., è destinato a influire sulle norme che regolano il funzionamento fisiologico delle imprese.
Le modifiche apportate dalla disposizione summenzionata hanno inciso sia sulla rubrica dell’art. 2086 c.c. (in precedenza “Direzione e gerarchia nell’impresa” ora “Gestione d’impresa”), sia sul contenuto della norma. Alla disposizione codicistica, infatti, è stato aggiunto un secondo comma, il quale impegna l’imprenditore che operi in forma societaria o collettiva a prevedere dei meccanismi in grado di rilevare in maniera tempestiva una situazione di crisi dell’impresa e di perdita della continuità aziendale. In particolare, il nuovo art. 2086 comma 2, c.c. richiede all’imprenditore di istituire un assetto organizzativo, amministrativo e contabile che sia adeguato alla natura ed alle dimensioni dell’impresa e che consenta di rilevare situazioni di difficoltà aziendale; ciò nell’ottica di consentire all’imprenditore, di ricorrere agli strumenti previsti dall’ordinamento per superare tali situazioni (addirittura, egli sarebbe destinatario di un vero e proprio obbligo in questo senso).
Da queste premesse, l’obiettivo del presente progetto si articola in due sotto-obiettivi: analizzare e valutare l’impatto sulla gestione dei rapporti di lavoro dell’organizzazione aziendale alla luce della riforma della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza; ricostruire, analizzare a valutare le misure a sostegno dei lavoratori subordinati nel nuovo codice della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza.
In un quadro di incertezza, prima si riusciranno a conoscere quali e quanti saranno gli effetti di tale riforma, prima si potrà intervenire, con misure concrete, per assistere le imprese nell’adattamento alle nuove norme; a tale proposito, il progetto si propone in particolare di indagare il possibile ruolo delle buone prassi e degli strumenti di certificazione, con particolare attenzione alla loro idoneità a veicolare idonei standard di tutela del lavoro.
Inevitabilmente, i lavoratori subordinati, anche se non toccati direttamente dalla riforma, non saranno ad essa indifferenti, poiché gran parte delle misure di adeguamento normativo adottate dalle imprese sono suscettibili di avere importanti riflessi sui rapporti di lavoro subordinato, in particolare per il tramite del nuovo principio di “adeguata organizzazione” introdotto nell’art. 2086.This thesis aims to reconstruct, analyze and evaluate the direct and indirect effects of the recent legislative decree no. 14/2019, which reformed bankruptcy law and approved the Corporate Crisis and Insolvency Code (CCII), which definitively entered into force on 15 July 2022, on the management of subordinate employment relationships, before and after any declaration of bankruptcy of the employing company. It is therefore an interdisciplinary research project that touches on both labor law and the law of business crises and insolvency.
In fact, the legislation and practices regarding business crises have undergone important changes starting from 2020 as a result of the full entry into force of the Business Crisis and Insolvency Code. Among the innovations that had already come into force in the previous year was the art. 375, which, by modifying the art. 2086 of the Civil Code, is intended to influence the rules that regulate the physiological functioning of companies.
The changes made by the aforementioned provision have affected both the heading of the art. 2086 c.c. (previously "Management and hierarchy in the company" now "Business management"), and on the content of the standard. In fact, a second paragraph has been added to the code provision, which obliges the entrepreneur who operates in a corporate or collective form to provide mechanisms capable of promptly detecting a situation of crisis in the company and loss of business continuity. . In particular, the new art. 2086 paragraph 2, c.c. requires the entrepreneur to establish an organisational, administrative and accounting structure that is appropriate to the nature and size of the company and which allows the detection of situations of business difficulty; this with a view to allowing the entrepreneur to use the tools provided by the law to overcome such situations (indeed, he would be the recipient of a real obligation in this sense).
From these premises, the objective of this project is divided into two sub-objectives: analyzing and evaluating the impact on the management of employment relationships of the corporate organization in light of the corporate crisis and insolvency reform; reconstruct, analyze and evaluate the measures to support employed workers in the new code of business crisis and insolvency.
In a context of uncertainty, the sooner we are able to know what and how much the effects of this reform will be, the sooner we will be able to intervene, with concrete measures, to assist companies in adapting to the new rules; in this regard, the project aims in particular to investigate the possible role of good practices and certification tools, with particular attention to their suitability for conveying suitable labor protection standards.
Inevitably, employed workers, even if not directly affected by the reform, will not be indifferent to it, since most of the regulatory adaptation measures adopted by companies are likely to have important repercussions on subordinate employment relationships, in particular through the new principle of "adequate organisation" introduced in the art. 2086
An application case of ecological indicator values (Zeigerwerte) calculated with a simple algorithmic approach
No full textThe vegetation of the study site near Rome (Castelporziano Estate), where different woodland types occur, was analysed on the basis of ecological indicator values (Zeigerwerte) for light, temperature, continentality of climate, soil moisture, soil pH and nitrogen. Indicator values were estimated with Hill's reprediction algorithm for the flora of Central-Southern Italy relying on a database of 4,207 original releves representing a balanced survey of the vegetation of this and surrounding areas. It was possible to obtain indicator values for an important fraction of the Italian Mediterranean flora. Results are ecologically reasonable, and it was possible to find strong correlation between the recalculated values and a few environmental variables. These correlations were not significant in an analogous test with subjectively derived scores of Ellenberg indicator values
Environmental heterogeneity and species composition in different communities of mesic deciduous oak forest in Central-Southern Italy
No full textTemperate deciduous forests with Balkano-Apenninic affinities: floristic changes and heterogeneity.European Vegetation Survey,15-20 Aprile 2004
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Comparative ecological investigations in Fagus forests of Japan, Italy and Mexico
No full textThe ecological requirements of the beech (Fagus sp. div.) are relatively well known for the species of the temperate zone, whereas little information exists on species of the subtropical mountain habitats. The present study is based on parallel ecological investigations, carried out on forest vegetation withFagus in Japan (F. crenata), Europe (F. sylvatica, in Central Italy) and Mexico (F. mexicana, in the Northern range of Sierra Madre Oriental). Observations in the field were carried out by the same working team, during a short period in autumn 2003; comparable methods and instruments were used. The climates of the three areas are different (table I): annual mean temperature 7-10o in Japan and Italy (see S 3 for the area in Italy) and 13.6o in Mexico, and similar differences remain also in the atmospheric temperature recorded during the days of field observations. Leaves have in general lower temperatures than the surrounding atmosphere (table II): the difference inF. crenata andF. sylvatica, is only 1-1.5o, whereasF. mexicana maintains leaves with 4-5o lower than air temperature. As a consequence, at noon during clear days and in the same period of the year, on the three studied beech species similar leaf temperatures were measured. This ecological convergence seems to be the effect of a mechanism of active regulation, which remains still undescribed. © 2006 Springer
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