1,720,966 research outputs found
Post-decisional counterfactuals by actors and readers
No full textHow do individuals think counterfactually about the outcomes of their decisions? Most previous studies have investigated how readers think about fictional stories, rather than how actors think about events they have actually experienced. We assumed that differences in individuals' roles (actor vs. reader) can make different information available, which in turn can affect counter-factual thinking. Hence, we predicted an effect of role on postdecisional counterfactual thinking. Reporting the results of eight studies, we show that readers undo the negative outcome of a story by undoing the protagonist's choice to tackle a given problem, rather than the protagonist's unsuccessful attempt to solve it. But actors who make the same choice and experience the same negative outcome as the protagonist undo this outcome by altering features of the problem. We also show that this effect does not depend on motivational factors. These results contradict current accounts of counterfactual thinking
Using Comparison Scenarios to Improve Prenatal Risk Communication.
No full textThe research provides empirical evidence of whether communicating the prenatal risk of chromosomal anomalies using comparison scenarios influences women’s ability to distinguish between different risk level
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Counterfactual thoughts about experienced, observed, and narrated events
No full textFour studies show that observers and readers imagine different alternatives to reality. When participants read a story about a protagonist who chose the more difficult of two tasks and failed, their counterfactual thoughts focused on the easier, unchosen task. But when they observed the performance of an individual who chose and failed the more difficult task, participants' counterfactual thoughts focused on alternative ways to solve the chosen task, as did the thoughts of individuals who acted out the event. We conclude that these role effects may occur because participants' attention is engaged when they experience or observe an event more than when they read about it
Stress awareness and decision-making under uncertainty: Gender-specific effects of mild hypoxia in the Iowa Gambling Task
Full text linkDecision-making under uncertainty is a key cognitive function that is sensitive to acute stress. While prior studies have documented gender-specific effects of stress (i.e., typically increased risk-taking in males and greater caution in females), such findings have primarily emerged in conditions where participants were aware of the ongoing stressor. The present study explored whether stress awareness modulates gender differences in risk-taking by manipulating participants' awareness of being under mild hypoxia (i.e., reduced oxygen availability), a systemic stressor that often goes unnoticed by individuals. Sixty-four participants completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) under normoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 20.9%) and mildly hypoxic (FiO2 = 14.1%) conditions, with participants either being informed or uninformed about the stressor. Results indicated that when participants were aware of the stressor, males exhibited an increased selection of disadvantageous decks (corresponding to greater risk-taking in the IGT) under mild hypoxia, whereas females demonstrated a trend toward more cautious and advantageous choices. In contrast, when unaware of the stressor, both genders showed similar, modest increases in disadvantageous choices under hypoxia. These findings suggest that gender-specific coping strategies in risky decision-making are triggered by the conscious appraisal of stress, rather than by its mere physiological presence, and support theoretical models emphasizing the role of cognitive appraisal and internalized gender norms in shaping decision-making under stress
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