1,720,971 research outputs found
Metafore e Critical Thinking. Testare le competenze pragmatiche e argomentative nella scuola superiore
No full textDa oltre vent’anni, in area anglosassone, la locuzione Critical Thinking (Black 1946) viene impiegata con frequenza crescente per riferirsi a un insieme di competenze (relative all’argomentazione, persuasione, ragionamento logico, risoluzione di problemi, e assunzione di decisioni) (Van Gelder 2005; Tindale 2006; Paoli, Porcella, Sergioli 2012; Walton 2013), il cui possesso è ritenuto fondamentale per una piena cittadinanza nella società contemporanea. Numerose ricerche sottolineano, infatti, come la capacità di pensare criticamente sia significativamente correlata al successo scolastico e professionale (Minto 2010). Un aspetto fondamentale nelle dinamiche argomentative e di persuasione è rappresentato dalle metafore (Ervas, Sangoi 2014). Le metafore hanno un impatto su vari aspetti delle interazioni quotidiane, inclusi quelli argomentativi, e rappresentano perciò un modo ineliminabile di comunicare e pensare (Lakoff, Johnson 1980). Emblematico è il ruolo che i meccanismi metaforici rivestono nella crescita del sapere scientifico, soprattutto nella fase di elaborazione di nuove ipotesi (Hesse 1974; Goodman 1976; Searle 1979; Kuhn 1979). In questi casi, le metafore introducono un nuovo tipo di linguaggio, suggerito da una teoria comune, ma esteso a un nuovo dominio di applicazione (Black 1962). Il presente contributo intende mostrare come sia possibile testare sia le competenze argomentative sia quelle relative alla comprensione degli aspetti linguistici-pragmatici delle metafore nella scuola secondaria superiore, proponendo un’indagine sperimentale on-line su un gruppo di studenti all’inizio e alla fine del percorso scolastico
Does Expertise Favor the Detection of the Metaphoric Fallacy?
No full textThe paper aims at clarifying whether and to what extent expertise plays a role in the detection of ambiguity fallacies, such as quaternio terminorum, where a metaphor is the middle term in one of the premises (metaphoric fallacy). We tested a group of (N=40) non-experts adults and a group of (N=40) experts adults (scholars having a strong training in philosophical logic), by using a series of verbally presented arguments, having the structure of quaternio terminorum and containing either a lexical ambiguous or a metaphorical middle term. The experimental results of the study show that non-experts tend to judge sound quaternio terminorum with lexicalized metaphors as middle terms, when the conclusion of the argument is far from being patently false. Nonetheless, metaphorical middle terms seem to have also an effect on experts’ intuitions on fallacious argument with plausible conclusion. However, this effect is mitigated by expertise
Smart contracts software metrics: A first study
Full text linkSmart contracts (SC) are software programs that reside and run over a blockchain. The code can be written in different languages with the common purpose of implementing various kinds of transactions onto the hosting blockchain. They are ruled by the blockchain infrastructure with the intent to automatically implement the typical conditions of traditional contracts. Programs must satisfy context-dependent constraints which are quite different from traditional software code. In particular, since the bytecode is uploaded in the hosting blockchain, the size, computational resources, interaction between different parts of the program are all limited. This is true even if the specific programming languages implement more or less the same constructs as that of traditional languages: there is not the same freedom as in normal software development. The working hypothesis used in this article is that Smart Contract specific constraints should be captured by specific software metrics (that may differ from traditional software metrics). We tested this hypothesis on 85K Smart Contracts written in Solidity and uploaded on the Ethereum blockchain. We analyzed Smart Contracts from two repositories “Etherscan” and “Smart Corpus” and we computed the statistics of a set of software metrics related to Smart Contracts and compared them to the metrics extracted from more traditional software projects. Our results show that generally, Smart Contract metrics have more restricted ranges than the corresponding metrics in traditional software systems. Some of the stylized facts, like power law in the tail of the distribution of some metrics, are only approximate but the lines of code follow a log-normal distribution which reminds us of the same behaviour already found in traditional software systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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