1,720,970 research outputs found
Photochromic polymers: structure and environment effect on photoresponsiveness
No full textIn this review paper the photoresponsiveness of photochromic macromolecules under different structural and environmental conditions is discussed with reference to results from the authors' laboratories. Polypeptides, in particular poly(l-glutamic acid) and poly(l-lysine), with spirobenzopyrane side chains show photoinduced conformational variations which are amplified by addition of organic acids or bases to hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFP) solutions. Thus combination of light and environment effects allows modulation of order–disorder conformational transitions.
Such photoindiced conformational changes are not observed in the case of macromolecules with a hydrocarbon main chain and azobenzene or stilbene side chains, obtained by polymerization of acrylic monomers. However, even in these systems structural variations affect the dependence of optical properties on irradiation. Moreover, the combination of organic solvents and water shows that polymer solubility can be modulated by light
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Le basi sociali della sostenibilità nei processi di sviluppo locale : il ruolo della partecipazione e del conflitto
No full textDottorato di ricerca in Scienza, tecnologia e società, XXI ciclo. A.a. 2008-2009Il presente lavoro di dottorato attraverso l’indagine empirica su tre Agende 21
locali, due italiane – l’Agenda 21 locale di Cetraro (CS) e l’Agenda 21 locale
Capo Sud (RC) – ed una nelle isole Baleari in Spagna – l’Agenda 21 locale di
Calvià – intende contribuire alla discussione sulla sostenibilità locale, qui intesa
come <<la capacità di un sistema territoriale locale di produrre benessere in forme
durevoli, consentendo la riproduzione valorizzata allargata delle proprie risorse
patrimoniali (ambientali, territoriali, umane), senza sostegni esterni e con scambi
solidali e non di sfruttamento>> (Magnaghi, 2000), prendendo a riferimento il
ruolo degli attori sociali operanti su un dato territorio.
Le ipotesi che hanno guidato il mio lavoro, che da un punto di vista teorico si
appoggiano alla scuola territorialista, sostengono che a monte della sostenibilità
locale o c’è un movimento sociale, un conflitto, una mobilitazione significativa,
sostenuto anche da processi di tipo partecipativo, oppure risulta difficile che
questa possa essere opera dell’azione di un’amministrazione, anche seSecondo l’approccio territorialista, infatti, la sostenibilità locale è considerata
sostanzialmente una questione, sociale, comunitaria, relazionale. Rifacendosi
infatti agli orientamenti teorici che assumono la territorialità come un processo
in continuo divenire: il territorio “locale” può essere assunto come una
“costruzione” sociale che deriva dalla mobilitazione dei gruppi, degli interessi e
delle istituzioni territoriali, in un processo collettivo in cui le interazioni fra i
soggetti assumono di volta in volta la forma di confronto, cooperazione,
conflitto. In tale contesto teorico, l’approccio territorialista alla sostenibilità e
alla partecipazione, che si fonde nel concetto di autosostenibilità, è praticabile solo
a condizione che gli attori locali cooperino attivamente e responsabilmente al processo,
mobilitando all’interno del sistema le energie sociali per la sua condizione (ibidem),
comportandosi di fatto come un “soggetto collettivo”.
In talune circostanze, infatti, in determinati territori, le reti dei soggetti locali, in
funzione dei rapporti reciproci che intrattengono fra di loro e con le specificità
territoriali del milieu locale in cui operano e agiscono, si comportano come un
>, dando vita ad un Sistema Locale Territoriale orientato
alla sostenibilità.Nella prospettiva territorialista il fulcro dell’azione riformatrice verso la
sostenibilità proviene dunque dalla stessa comunità, che attraverso le azioni dei
soggetti sociali più vitali, può diventare il soggetto attivo della manutenzione e
delle trasformazioni ambientali del territorio.
La letteratura su questo punto è abbastanza chiara: le politiche di sostenibilità
locale non sono il risultato spontaneo dell’azione politico-amministrativa di
questa o quella amministrazione, o di una determinata organizzazione
territoriale, quanto piuttosto il risultato di mobilitazioni che scaturiscono dal
territorio in risposta alla sua incapacità di sostenere modelli di sviluppo
estranei agli stessi contesti che li ospitano. Mobilitazione implica anche un
confronto dialettico, una interazione strategica tra l’insieme degli attori toccati da
eventuali rischi ecologici e le istituzioni politiche coinvolte nelle decisioni
pubbliche in tema di risanamento ambientale o responsabili di scelte strategiche
potenzialmente insostenibili. Interazioni che si manifestano anche attraverso la
contrapposizione di portatori di interessi e orientamenti apparentemente
inconciliabili. Da qui la necessità della costruzione di livelli intermedi di
partecipazione e deliberazione, all’interno dei quali la questione ambientale non
venga relegata ad una questione tecnico-scientifica ma diventi piuttosto una
questione sociale, comunitaria, relazionale, e dove partecipazione non si riduca
ad una questione tecnico-formale ma diventi invece uno strumento di autoapprendimento
che restituisca agli abitanti il senso di appartenenza al luogo.
Sciogliere i nodi che legano la matassa delle relazioni e degli interessi locali
rappresenta dunque la posta in gioco per la costruzione di una territorio che
tenga realmente conto della reale complessità delle problematiche in gioco. Il
ricorso alla deliberazione pubblica attraverso pratiche discorsive viene qui
assunta come condizione indispensabile per l’avvio di politiche improntate alla
sostenibilità. Deliberazione che nella sua forma tipico-ideale costituisce una
modalità di assunzione di decisioni di rilevanza pubblica, in cui più soggetti,
portatori di sistemi di preferenze e credenze diversificati, confrontano
discorsivamente idee, argomenti e posizioni.
Partendo da tali assunti, attraverso l’indagine empirica dei tre processi di
Agenda 21 locale da una parte è stato possibile verificare l’importanza delle
mobilitazioni collettive ai fini dell’implementazione di politiche orientate alla
sostenibilità, dall’altra indagare su quali siano i fattori chiave che stanno alla
base di tali processi deliberativi, soprattutto in merito alle dinamiche di
apertura cognitiva dei partecipanti, e sull’importanza che da questo punto di
vista assumono le relazioni sociali reciproche che caratterizzano i soggetti che
partecipano al gioco della “deliberazione”.(English version)
The present doctoral dissertation, through a field survey on three Local Agenda
21 projects, two in Italy – Local Agenda 21 of Cetraro (CS) and Local Agenda 21
of Capo Sud (RC) – and one in the Balearic Islands in Spain – Local Agenda 21
of Calvià – aims to contribute to the debate on local sustainability, here
intended as “the capacity of a local territorial system to produce a long lasting
welfare, allowing the improvement and an increase in value of local resources
(environmental, human and territorial), without external support and with
supportive trade and no exploitation” (Magnaghi, 2000), focusing on the role of
local social actors.
The suppositions guiding my work, that from a theoretical point of view are
built on the territorialism approach, are based on the idea that local sustainability
is backed by a social movement, a conflict, supported by a participative process
and that it cannot only be the result of a local administration initiative.
According to the territorialism approach, local sustainability substantially
involves social, community and relational issues. As a matter of fact, recalling
the theoretical orientations that assume territoriality as a continuous ongoing
process: local territory could be defined as a social “building” which derives
from the mobilization of groups, of interests and of local institutions, in a
collective process in which the interrelations between actors are each time in a
form of comparison, cooperation and conflict. In this theoretical context, the
approach to sustainability and to participation focused on territorialism, that is
merged on the concept of self-fulfilling-sustainability, is workable only if local
actors actively and responsibly cooperate in the process, mobilizing within the
system social energies (ibidem), acting as a “collective actor”.
In certain circumstances and in specific territories, according to the
relationships among actors and the characteristics of the local society, the
networks of individuals behave as a ”collective actor”, creating a Local
Territorial System oriented towards sustainability.
In the territorialism approach, the core of the reformatory action towards
sustainability comes from the community itself, as it becomes an active
individual in preserving and changing local environment through the
initiatives of the most vital local inhabitants.Literature on this issue is very clear: local sustainability policies are not the
result of spontaneous political-administrative initiatives or of specific local
organizations, but they are the effect of mobilizations that erupt from the local
territory as an answer to the inability of the territory to support development
patterns that do not fit those same contexts to which they are applied.
Mobilization implies also debates, a strategic interaction between the different
actors undergoing potential environmental risks and the political institutions
involved in the decision making process aimed at protecting the environment
or responsible of strategic decisions that are potentially unsustainable.
Interactions can be the result of dialectical conflicts between stakeholders and
apparently irreconcilable orientations. In this context there is a need to build
intermediate levels of participation and deliberation, in which environmental
concerns are not relegated only to technical and scientific debates but also
involve the social, community and relational dimension, and where the
participation becomes an instrument of self-learning that creates among the
local population a sense of affiliation with the territory. Solving the problems of
local relationships and interests represents the way forward to build a local
territory which is capable of dealing with the real complexity of the issues to be
solved. Public decision making through public debates is assumed to be the
essential condition to set up policies towards sustainability. Deliberation, that in
the traditional form is a way of assuming decisions of public relevance, in
which many actors, from a variety of stakeholders, discuss ideas, issues and
positions.
Building on such suppositions, through the field survey of the three Local
Agenda 21 processes, it has been possible on one side to verify the importance
on collective mobilizations aimed at implementing policies oriented towards
sustainability, while on the other side to analyze which are the key factors that
are guiding the deliberation processes, in particular, regarding the dynamics of
increasing the knowledge of participants and the importance of the social
relationships among the actors that participate to the process of deliberation.
particolarmente illuminata (cosa rara)
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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