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Passive protections against breakdown effects in Neutral Beam injection devices for nuclear fusion experiments
Full text linkThe necessity of new and clean technologies for energy production from one hand and the carbon dioxide emission regulations on the other are inducing nuclear fusion research to speed towards a possible future energy source. So the next experiment, which is being built in France, called ITER (acronym for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, an international collaboration between European Union, Japan, Russian Federation, India, China, South Korea and United States of America) has to give an answer on the real feasibility to achieve nuclear fusion, and in particular on the possibility to control the plasma stability for long time at high temperature, to maintain the stationary phase and to reach fusion temperature. One of the components necessary to heat the plasma is the Neutral Beam Injector; the concept has been developed for many years up to the present experiments. The principle is basic: the plasma is hit by a neutral atoms beam (not affected by the high magnetic field of the system) at high kinetic energy so that this energy is transferred by collisions to the ions of the plasma. Meanwhile the beam helps to drive the plasma current, necessary for the plasma confinement inside the vessel in a “tokamak” configuration. The engineering requirements for the ITER NBI are very demanding, as it is subjected by severe mechanical, thermic and electrical stress. In particular, the neutral beam power requested is 16.5 MW while the energy of the deuterium or hydrogen negative ions, accelerated before neutralization, is in the order of 1 MeV. This involves a total accelerating voltage equal to 1 MV. So one of the most critical topic for the whole system is the operation very close to the breakdown limits for the accelerating grids, so that breakdown is not considered as a fault but a common working condition for the system. The activity reported in this doctoral thesis, mainly carried out at Consorzio RFX, deals on this matter. In particular the effects of arc between the grids are analyzed, both in terms of arc energy deposition on the grids and in terms of the current and voltage transient propagation on different locations of the system. Arc energy has to be limited below a certain threshold value in order to avoid an irreversible grids damage; this would cause the de-conditioning and the loss of high voltage holding with a breakdown occurrence at lower voltage level. Instead the fast voltage transients are dangerous because they can induce overvoltages on some tricky points and therefore lead to unexpected insulation losses; in addition they are source of electromagnetic noise (EMI) due to high frequencies in the order of MHz, a problem if we consider the large number of diagnostic devices. In this thesis some design solutions to limit these effects are explained; they are supported by proper circuital simulations or experimental validation. The devices presented are alternative to the present adopted solutions, as they form a comprehensive protection strategy. Then, they are passive protections because we need an instantaneous intervention after breakdown to be effective, contrary to active protections which need some delay due to the signal acquisition demonstrating the arc occurrence. The thesis is organized as follows. In the chapter 1 the ITER neutral beam injector is presented, in the framework of the nuclear fusion research; the operation principles and the main components are basically described. Finally the test facility being built in Padua is shown; it is constituted by two experiments, a ITER full-scale negative ion sources, with a single -100 kV accelerating stage, and a full-scale injector, identical to that which will be installed in ITER. The chapter 2 shows at first the operating conditions, from the electrical point of view, foreseen for the neutral beam injector. In particular high voltage holding issues are presented, together with the conditioning process in vacuum; then a tentative vacuum arc modeling for long gap is described, considering arc energy dissipation due mainly to radiation phenomenon. At last present countermeasures against breakdown effects are shown, namely a concentrated core snubber at the injector transmission line ends and the active protections. In the chapter 3 two new concepts for passive protections are introduced. The first is a damping resistor connecting the last accelerating grid (the so called grounded grid) with the vacuum vessel (grounded) of the injector with the aim to damp the arc current involving this grid and the return conductor of the transmission line. Then the design and the assembly of a prototype are described; this is installed at the French laboratory of CEA (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique) in Cadarache, where it will be tested. The detailed circuital modeling of this test bed is reported; the model is useful to compare and understand experimental results. The second device is a distributed core snubber along the whole transmission line to damp the breakdown with a less cumbersome element and a simpler, more effective structure. The results on a small-scale example are presented to support this proposal. The chapter 4 outlines an integration of a comprehensive design for passive protections on a whole system. In particular, for the experimental negative ion source the positive effects of some devices are proposed, studied and optimized, i.e. a damper resistor, a distributed core snubber and a L–R parallel input impedance between the power supply and the transmission line. Finally the core snubber design is described, constituted by a series of magnetic cores evenly distributed on the transmission line and polarized by a proper biasing circuit.L’esigenza di nuove tecnologie per la produzione di energia, compatibili con l’ambiente, e le normative sulle emissioni di anidride carbonica stanno spingendo la ricerca sulla fusione nucleare come possibile alternativa futura. Da questo punto di vista il prossimo esperimento in via di costruzione in Francia, ITER (acronimo di International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, frutto di una collaborazione internazionale tra Unione Europea, Giappone, Russia, India, Cina, Corea del Sud e Stati Uniti d’America), dovrà dare delle risposte sull’effettiva fattibilità della fusione nucleare, e in particolare sul controllo della stabilità di plasma per lunghi tempi e ad alte temperature, sulla possibilità di funzionamento in regime stazionario e sull’effettivo raggiungimento della temperatura di fusione. Uno dei dispositivi necessari per il riscaldamento del plasma è l’iniettore di neutri, concetto sviluppato già in diverse macchine operanti fino ad oggi. Il principio è semplice: si tratta di “bombardare” il plasma con un fascio di atomi neutri (quindi insensibili ai forti campi magnetici presenti) ad alta energia cinetica in modo da trasferire mediante collisioni l’energia agli ioni del plasma stesso. Nel contempo il fascio aiuta anche il ostenimento della corrente di plasma, necessaria per il confinamento nella camera di scarica in configurazione “tokamak”. Le prestazioni ingegneristiche richieste all’iniettore di neutri di ITER sono molto gravose, sia dal punto di vista delle sollecitazioni meccaniche e termiche che da quelle elettriche. In particolare, la potenza del fascio di atomi neutri richiesto è di 16.5 MW mentre l’energia di accelerazione del fascio di ioni negativi di deuterio o idrogeno, a monte della neutralizzazione, è di 1 MeV. La tensione di accelerazione corrispondente è perciò di 1 MV. Uno dei punti più critici dell’intero sistema è dato dalle condizioni operative molto vicine ai limiti di scarica per le griglie di accelerazione, tanto che la scarica stessa non è considerata un fenomeno di guasto bensì una normale condizione di funzionamento del sistema. Il lavoro esposto in questa tesi di dottorato, svolto principalmente presso il Consorzio RFX, si inserisce in questo contesto. In particolare vengono analizzati gli effetti dell’arco tra le griglie sia in termini di energia d’arco depositata sulle griglie stesse che dei transitori di tensione e corrente che si propagano nei vari punti del sistema. Riguardo all’energia d’arco, essa dev’essere limitata al di sotto di un certo valore per evitare il danneggiamento irreversibile delle griglie stesse con conseguente decondizionamento del sistema, perdita delle proprietà di tenuta della tensione e quindi il verificarsi della scarica a tensioni più basse. I transitori di tensione invece possono essere dannosi, sia perché possono indurre sovratensioni in punti delicati del sistema con conseguente perdita dell’isolamento, sia perché sono fonte di disturbi elettromagnetici (EMI) per le varie apparecchiature diagnostiche presenti, legati alle alte frequenze in gioco dell’ordine dei MHz. Vengono in questa sede proposte alcune soluzioni progettuali per limitare tali effetti, corroborate da opportune simulazioni circuitali o da validazione sperimentale. I dispositivi esposti sono alternativi a quelli fino ad oggi impiegati, presentando una strategia d’insieme per la protezione. In più, sono di tipo passivo in quanto devono intervenire istantaneamente al verificarsi della scarica per poter essere efficaci, contrariamente alle protezioni attive che necessitano di un certo tempo di intervento legato all’acquisizione di un segnale comprovante la scarica. La tesi è articolata nel modo seguente. Nel capitolo 1 viene introdotto l’iniettore di neutri di ITER nell’ambito delle ricerche sulla fusione nucleare; ne vengono descritti schematicamente i principi di funzionamento e i componenti principali. Infine viene presentata l’installazione sperimentale in via di costruzione a Padova, costituita da due esperimenti, ovvero una sorgente di ioni negativi in scala 1:1 rispetto a quella di ITER, con un unico stadio di accelerazione del fascio a -100 kV, e un iniettore vero e proprio, identico a quello che verrà installato su ITER. Il capitolo 2 presenta dapprima le condizioni operative previste per l’iniettore di neutri dal punto di vista elettrico. In particolare vengono introdotte le problematiche della tenuta alla tensione e del processo di condizionamento in vuoto; quindi viene descritta una possibile modellazione circuitale per l’arco elettrico su lunghe distanze, considerando il fenomeno dell’irraggiamento come preponderante per la dissipazione dell’energia d’arco. Infine vengono presentate le attuali soluzioni contro gli effetti della scarica, ovvero uno snubber magnetico concentrato alle estremità della linea di trasmissione dell’iniettore e le protezioni di tipo attivo. Nel capitolo 3 vengono introdotti due nuovi concetti di protezioni passive. Il primo è un resistore di smorzamento che collega l’ultima griglia di accelerazione del fascio di ioni (la griglia di terra) con la cassa esterna dell’iniettore (messa a terra) in modo da smorzare la corrente d’arco che interessa tale griglia e si richiude sul conduttore di ritorno della linea di trasmissione. Vengono descritti il progetto e la costruzione di un prototipo installato presso il laboratorio francese del CEA (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique) di Cadarache, dove dovrà essere testato. L’impianto di prova di tale laboratorio viene poi modellato nel dettaglio per poter confrontare i risultati sperimentali e poterli interpretare. Il secondo dispositivo è uno snubber magnetico distribuito lungo tutto lo sviluppo della linea di trasmissione, in modo da smorzare al meglio ogni possibile guasto con un minor ingombro sul sistema e una struttura più semplice ed efficace. I risultati di una prova sperimentale su un modello in scala ridotta sono presentati a supporto della proposta. Il capitolo 4 delinea un esempio di progetto integrato di protezioni passive su un intero sistema. In particolare, per l’esperimento della sorgente di ioni negativi, vengono proposti, studiati e ottimizzati su un opportuno circuito equivalente gli effetti positivi del resistore di smorzamento, dello snubber magnetico distribuito e di un’impedenza L–R parallelo interposta tra alimentatore e linea di trasmissione. Infine viene descritto il progetto dello snubber, costituito da una serie di nuclei magnetici equispaziati lungo la linea e polarizzati da un opportuno circuito
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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