1,721,041 research outputs found
Binge drinking and inhibitory control: a mini-review of fMRI studies
No full textINTRODUCTION: Binge drinking (BD) refers to the intake of a high level of alcohol in a limited amount of time followed by a period of reduction or absence of alcohol consumption. Given the increase of BD during adolescence, understanding the potentially dangerous effects of consuming large amounts of alcohol on neural circuitry and cognitive status has public health and social importance. From a cognitive point of view, excessive alcohol intake at a young age can affect executive functions and, in particular, inhibitory control capacity. This, in turn, further reduces the ability to inhibit seeking and consuming alcohol at risky levels, up to the establishment of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Therefore, in this review, we describe current evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that examined functional circuits associated with inhibitory control in binge drinkers.EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The literature search retrieved 43 articles. After titles and abstracts screening, 30 records were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Ten additional records were excluded after full-text review, while three studies were identified and include in this systematic mini-review.EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Preliminary fMRI findings show increased activations in binge versus light drinkers during inhibitory control tasks (especially during incongruent conditions) in frontoparietal areas.CONCLUSIONS: In line with the continuum hypothesis, the results suggest that binge drinkers and individuals with AUD share functional brain alterations in regions ascribed to inhibitory control processes, reinforcing the hypothesis that BD and AUD may be considered two successive stages of the same phenomenon. Nontheless, longitudinal studies, in larger and better-characterized samples of binge and light drinkers, are needed to disentangle the role of inhibitory control processes in the development and maintenance of BD patterns. (Cite this article as: Rossetti MG, Longo C, Perlini C, Bellani M. Binge drinking and inhibitory control: a mini-review o
From research to clinical practice: a systematic review of the implementation of psychological interventions for chronic headache in adults
Full text linkBackground: Psychological interventions have been proved to be effective in chronic headache (CH) in adults. Nevertheless, no data exist about their actual implementation into standard clinical settings. We aimed at critically depicting the current application of psychological interventions for CH into standard care exploring barriers and facilitators to their implementation. Secondarily, main outcomes of the most recent psychological interventions for CH in adults have been summarized. Methods: We conducted a systematic review through PubMed and PsycINFO in the time range 2008-2018. A quality analysis according to the QATSDD tool and a narrative synthesis were performed. We integrated results by: contacting the corresponding author of each paper; exploring the website of the clinical centers cited in the papers. Results: Of the 938 identified studies, 28 papers were selected, whose quality largely varied with an average %QATSDD quality score of 64.88%. Interventions included CBT (42.85%), multi-disciplinary treatments (22.43%), relaxation training (17.86%), biofeedback (7.14%), or other interventions (10.72%). Treatments duration (1 day-9 months) and intensity varied, with a prevalence of individual-basis implementation. The majority of the studies focused on all primary headaches; 4 studies focused on medication-overuse headache. Most of the studies suggest interventions as effective, with the reduction in frequency of attacks as the most reported outcome (46.43%). Studies were distributed in different countries, with a prevalent and balanced distribution in USA and Europe. Ten researches (35.71%) were performed in academic contexts, 11 (39.28%) in clinical settings, 7 (25%) in pain/headache centres. Interventions providers were professionals with certified experience. Most of the studies were funded with private or public funding. Two contacted authors answered to our e-mail survey, with only one intervention implemented in the routine clinical practice. Only in three out of the 16 available websites a reference to the implementation into the clinical setting was reported. Conclusion: Analysis of contextual barriers/facilitators and cost-effectiveness should be included in future studies, and contents regarding dissemination/implementation of interventions should be incorporated in the professional training of clinical scientists. This can help in filling the gap between the existing published research and treatments actually offered to people with CH
Language disturbances in schizophrenia
No full textLanguage disturbances represent a core feature of schizophrenia, affecting social interactions and quality of life. Here we summarize linguistic and pragmatic deficits and illustrate the role of brain imaging studies in delineating the neural substrates of language deficits in patients with schizophrenia
Language disturbances in ADHD
No full textThis article aims to review the studies exploring language abilities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; with or without comorbid language impairment) focusing on oral speech discrimination, listening comprehension, verbal and spatial working memory as well as on discourse analysis and pragmatic aspects of communication and language comprehension
Seraching for psychosocial endophenotypes in schizophrenia: the innovative role of brain imaging
No full textSchizophrenia is a disease with heterogeneous features and often a disabling longitudinal outcome. In order to achieve a better understanding of the disease, a detailed characterization and definition of symptomatology, social functioning and cognitive performance of patients is required. Imaging techniques may allow to identify measurable markers of different subgroups of patients, who share common clinical course and, probably, a similar hereditary pathway. The review offers a description of cross-sectional, predictive and longitudinal studies on the relationship between biological, clinical and psychosocial features of patients with schizophrenia. Patients with a more severe and disabling course of illness present larger ventricles, smaller prefrontal, temporal and occipital cortices and smaller subcortical regions such as basal ganglia, the thalamus and limbic areas. These alterations are predictive of a worse prognosis, as observed in predictive and longitudinal studies, both on chronic and first episode patients. The detection of more homogenous groups of patients with schizophrenia will help neurobiological research progress in this field. Furthermore, patients with similar clinical and biological features could undergo more tailored therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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