8 research outputs found
La inversión en gasto social y el endeudamiento del municpio de Othón P. Blanco 1993-2012.
Get PDFEn años recientes los estados integrantes de la República Mexicana y sus municipios han incrementado de manera notable su deuda pública comprometiendo en algunos casos recursos que no podrán pagar, dicha irresponsabilidad financiera tendrá en el mediano y largo plazo una serie de repercusiones para la sociedad, principalmente en la reducción de los montos destinados al gasto social.187
La satisfacción de los egresados universitarios con respecto de su formación profesional.
No full textEsta es una evaluación de satisfacción a los egresados con respecto a su formación profesional, así como identificar los factores y problemas que son atenuantes para la obtención de un empleo de los programas educativos de derecho, economía y finanzas, sistemas comerciales y lengua inglesa.251
The role of the international patent system in the transfer of technology to West Africa : case studies : Ghana and Nigeria
Get PDFThe principal aim of this thesis is to undertake a critical
examination of the role of the international patent system in the
transfer of technology to West Africa, particularly Ghana and Nigeria.
It focuses mainly on the patent systans and technology regulatory
regimes of the two countries. The study is intended to identify and
evaluate the impact of the international patent system on the transfer
and development of technology in this area.
The first chapter provides a theoretical foundation to some of
the more practical issues to be discussed in the subsequent chapters.
The Paris Convention and the diplomatic revision exercise thereof, as
well as other efforts and policies regarding patents and technology
transfer at various levels are discussed in Chapter Two. Chapters
Three to Eight consider the two case-studies undertaken in this
thesis. Chapter Three begins with the historical development of the
patent system in both Ghana and Nigeria, and the remaining chapters
continue with a discussion of the present patent and technology
regulatory regimes of both countries. Based on facts and figures the
two case-studies examine critically the patent law and systems and
technology transfer laws of these two countries including other
related institutional measures highlighting their strengths and
weaknesses.
The study argues that if the patent systems of both countries
are to play a meaningful role in the transfer and developnent of
technology they nust be utilized as a tool of economic policy and also
be related to the technology transfer regimes which nust necessarily
be integrated into the national technology policy which should, in
turn, be made an integral part of the entire national developnent
plan. It is concluded that it is only in this way that the patent
system can effectively contribute to the transfer of technology and
the development of indigenous technological capabilities in the two countries
La teoría de los ritos de paso en la actualidad. Antropología. Boletín Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia: Viejas y nuevas religiosidades. Num. 68 Nueva Época (2002) octubre-diciembre
No full textBateson, Gregory, Naven, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1936.
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Bettelheim, Bruno, Heridas simbólicas. Los ritos de la pubertad y el macho envidioso, Barcelona, Barral Editores (Breve Biblioteca de Respuesta, 89), 1974 (1954).Bourdieu, Pierre, “Les rites comme actes d'institution”, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 43, Paris, 1982, pp. 58-63.——, “Los ritos de institución”, en ¿Qué significa hablar? Economía de los intercambios lingüísticos, Madrid, Akal (Akal Universitaria, 81), 1985 [1982].
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D’Allondans, Goguel (director), Rites de passage: d’ailleurs, ici, pour ailleurs, Paris, Erès, 1994.DuBois, Cora Alice, The People of Alor, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1944 (dos volúmenes).Douglas, Mary, Símbolos naturales. Exploraciones en cosmología, Madrid, Alianza Editorial (Alianza Universidad, 217), 1978 [1970].Eliade, Mircea, Iniciaciones místicas, Madrid, Taurus (Colección Ensayistas, 134), 1975 [1958].Forde, Daryll, “Death and Succession: An Analysis of Yakö Mortuary Ritual”, Essays in the Ritual of Social Relations (Max Gluckman, ed.), Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1966 [1962], pp. 89-123.Fortes, Meyer, “Ritual and Office in Tribal Society”, en Essays in the Ritual of Social Relations, (Max Gluckman, ed.), Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1966 [1962], pp. 53-88.——, “Of Installation Ceremonies”, en Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1967, pp. 5-20.Giménez, Gilberto, “Fenomenología de una peregrinación”, en Cultura popular
y religión en el Anáhuac, México, Centro de Estudios Ecuménicos, 1978, pp. 109-146.Gluckman, Max, “Les rites de passage”, en Essays in the Ritual of Social Relations (Max Gluckman, ed.), Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1966 [1962], pp. 1-52.Godelier, Maurice, La producción de grandes hombres. Poder y dominación masculina entre los baruya de Nueva Guinea, Madrid, Akal (Akal Universitaria, 90), 1986 [1982].González, Anáhuac, “Los concheros: la (re)conquista de México”, en Las danzas de conquista. I. México contemporáneo (Jesús Jáuregui y Carlo Bonfiglioli, coords.), México, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes / Fondo de Cultura Económica (Tezontle), 1996, pp. 207-227.Goody, Jack, “Religion and Ritual: the Definitional Problem”, British Journal of Sociology, 12, London, 1961, pp. 142-164.Gutiérrez, Arturo, La peregrinación a Wirikuta. El gran rito de paso de los huicholes, México, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia / Universidad de Guadalajara, México, 2002 [1998].Haynard, J. y R. Kaher (eds.), Naitre, vivre et mourir. Actualité de Van Gennep, Neuchatel, Museé d'Etnographie, 1981.Hubert, Henri y Marcel Mauss, “De la naturaleza y de la función del sacrificio”, en Lo sagrado y lo profano. Obras I, Barcelona, Barral (Breve Biblioteca de Reforma), 1970 [1899], pp. 143-248.Kimball, Solon T., “Introduction”, apud Van Gennep, Arnold, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1972 (1960 [1909]), pp. v-xix.——, “Gennep, Arnold van”, en Enciclopedia internacional de las ciencias sociales, vol. 5, Madrid, Aguilar, 1975 [1968], pp. 109-110.Leach, Edmund Ronald, “Ritual”, en Enciclopedia internacional de las ciencias sociales, vol. 9, Madrid, Aguilar, 1975 [1968], pp. 383-388.——, Cultura y comunicación. La lógica de la conexión de los símbolos. Una introducción al uso del análisis estructuralista en la antropología social,
Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1978 [1976].——, Social Anthropology, Glasgow, Fontana Paperbacks, 1982.
Lenclud, Gérard, “L’illusion essentialiste: pourquoi il n’est pas possible de définir les concepts anthropologiques”, L’Ethnographie, año CXXXVII, tomo XCI, 1, núm. 117, Paris, 1995, pp. 147-166.Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Las estructuras elementales del parentesco, Buenos Aires, Paidós (Biblioteca de Psicología Social y Sociología, 44), 1969 [1949].——, “Santa Claus en la hoguera”, Antropología. Boletín Oficial del INAH, núm, 65, México, enero-marzo de 2002 [1952], pp. 2-13.——, “Passage Rites”, en Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 17, 14th Edition, William Benton Publisher, 1959, pp. 433-434.——, El pensamiento salvaje, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica (Breviarios, 173), 1964 [1962].——, “Propósitos retardatarios acerca del niño creador”, en Mirando a lo lejos, Buenos Aires, Emecé, 1986 (1983 [1975]), pp. 326-338.——, “Etnología y literatura. Discurso de ingreso a la Academia Francesa”, Plural, núm. 37, México, 1974, pp. 6-12.——, La vía de las máscaras. Edición revisada, aumentada y prolongada por tres excursiones, México, Siglo XXI, 1981 [1979].Mauss, Marcel, “Les rites de passage”, L’Année sociologique, 11, Paris,1910, pp. 200-202.Mata Torres, Ramón, La peregrinación del peyote, Guadalajara, Casa de artesanías del Gobierno de Jalisco, 1970.——, Los peyoteros, Guadalajara, Kerigma, 1976.
Medina, Héctor, “Los hombres que caminan con el sol: organización social, ritual y peregrinaciones entre los huicholes del sur de Durango”, México, tesis de licenciatura en antropología social, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, 2002.Molina, Pedro, “Ritos de paso y sociedad: reproducción, diferenciación y legitimación social”, en La función simbólica de los ritos. Rituales y simbolismo en el Mediterráneo (Francisco Checa y Pedro Molina, eds.), Barcelona, Icaria / Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación Provincial / Laboratorio de Antropología Social y Cultural de la Universidad de Almería (Antropología, 6), 1997, pp. 21-60.Myerhoff, Barbara, Peyote Hunt. The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians ,
Ythaca, Cornell University Press, (Symbol, Myth and Ritual), 1974.Myerhoff, Barbara, Linda A. Camino y Edith Turner, “Rites of Passage. An Overview”, en Encyclopedia of Religion (Mircea Eliade, ed.), New York, MacMillan Publishing Company, 1987, XII, pp. 380-386.Neurath, Johannes, Las fiestas de la Casa Grande. Procesos rituales, cosmovisión y estructura social en una comunidad huichola del Gran Nayar, México, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia/Universidad de Guadalajara (Etnografía de los pueblos indígenas de México. Estudios monográficos), 2002 [1998].Norbeck, Edward, “Passage rites”, en The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Macropaedia, vol. 13, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1978, pp. 1044-1052.Pitt-Rivers, Julian, “La ley de la hospitalidad”, en Antropología del honor o política de los sexos. La influencia del honor y el sexo en la vida de los pueblos mediterráneos, Barcelona, Editorial Crítica (Estudios y Ensayos), 1979 (1963), pp. 144-171.Preuss, Konrad Theodor, Die Nayarit-Expedition. Textaufnahmen und Beobachtungen unter mexikanischen Indianern. Erster Band. Die Religion der Cora Indianer in Texten nebst Wörterbuch Cora-Deutsch, Leipzig, G. B. Teubner, 1912.——, Die geistige Kultur der Naturvölker, Leipzig y Berlín. G. B. Teubner (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, Sammlung wissenschaftlichgemeinverständlicher Darstellunger, 452), 1914.Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald, The Andaman Islanders, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1922.Radin, Paul, Primitive Religion, its Nature and Origin, New York, Dover Publications, 1957 [1937].Rattray, Robert Sutherland, Religion and Art in Ashanti, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1927.Remotti, Francesco, “Introduzione: Van Gennep, tra etnologia e folklore”, apud Van Gennep, Arnold, I riti di passagio, Turín, Editore Boringhieri (Universale Scientifica, 220), 1981, pp. vii-xxix.Rubio, Miguel Ángel, “Relaciones interétnicas y alteridad de cultos en el santuario del Señor de Otatitlán”, en La morada de los santos. Expresiones del culto religioso en el sur de Veracruz y en Tabasco, México, Instituto Nacional Indigenista / Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (Fiestas de los pueblos indígenas), 1995, pp. 41-87.Sabelli, Fabrizio, “Le rite d'institution. Resistance et domination”, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 43, Paris, 1982, pp. 64-69.Shadow, Robert y María de Jesús Rodríguez, “Símbolos que amarran, símbolos que dividen: hegemonía e impugnación en una peregrinación campesina a Chalma”, en Las peregrinaciones religiosas: una aproximación (Carlos Garma y Robert Shadow, coords.), México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (Iztapalapa:Texto y contexto, 20), 1994, pp. 81-104.Thompson, Stith, The Folktale, New York, The Dryden Press, 1953 [1946].
Tozzer, Alfred Martson, Social Origins and Social Continuites. A Course of Lectures Delivered before Lowell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, February 1924, New York, MacMillan, 1925.Turnbull, Colin M., The Human Cycle, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1983.
Turner, Victor, “Entre lo uno y lo otro: el período liminal en los ‘Rites de passage’”, en La selva de los símbolos, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1980 [1967], pp. 103-123.——, “Mito y símbolo”, en Enciclopedia internacional de las ciencias sociales, vol. 7, Madrid, Aguilar, 1975 [1968], pp. 150-154.——, “Liminalidad y communitas”, en El proceso ritual. Estructura y antiestructura, Madrid, Taurus (Ensayistas, 287), 1988 [1969], pp. 101-136.——, “Preface” y “Pilgrimages as Social Processes”, en Dramas, Fields and Metaphors. Symbolic Action in Human Society, London, Cornell University Press, 1974, pp. 13-19 y 166-230.——, “Foreword”, en Peyote Hunt. The Sacred Journey of the Huichol Indians (Myerhoff, Barbara, autora), (Symbol, Myth and Ritual), Ythaca, Cornell University Press, 1974, pp. 7-10.Turner, Victor y Edith Turner, Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture. Anthropological Perspectives, New York, Columbia University Press (Lectures on the History of Religions, New Series, 11), 1978.Van Gennep, Ketty, Bibliographie des oeuvres d'Arnold Van Gennep, Paris, A.
y J. Picard, 1964.Young F.W., Initiation Ceremonies: a Crosscultural Study of Status Dramatization, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merril, 1965.Zumwalt, Rosemary, “The Enigma of Arnold Van Gennep (1873-1957): Master of French Folklore and Hermit of Bourg-la-Reine”,
Berkeley, Tesis de maestría en Folklore, University of California, 1978.——, “Arnold Van Gennep: the Hermit of Bourg-la-Reine”, American Anthropologist, vol. 84, 2, 1982, pp. 299-313.Bibliografía sucinta de Arnold Van Gennep. Para un panorama integral de la obra de Arnold Van Gennep, se debe consultar la bibliografía completa, aunque no exhaustiva, que publicó su hija Ketty Van Gennep (1964), la cual, según George Henri-Rivière, “Ilustrará la inmensa labor, la brillante producción de una vida al servicio de la ciencia” (apud Ketty Van Gennep, 1964: 1). En el volumen cuarto de la reedición del Manuel de folklore français contemporain, que aparece ahora bajo el título de Le folklore français (1999), se incluye una “Bibliografía personal completa de las obras, artículos y escritos diversos de Arnold Van Gennep”.——, “De l’emploi du mot ‘chamanisme’”, Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris, 47, 1903, pp. 51-57.——, “Le genre des mots (notes ethnographiques), Revue des idées, Paris, I, 1904, pp. 967-971.——, “La théorie générale de la magie de Hubert et Mauss”, Revue des traditions populaires, Paris, 19, 1904, pp. 548-554.——, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar, Étude descriptive et théorique, Paris, E. Leroux (Bibliothèque des Hautes Études, Sciences religieuses, XVII), 1904.——, Mythes et légendes d'Australie. Étude d'ethnographie et de sociologie, Paris, E. Guilmoto, 1906.——, “La situation actuelle des enquêtes ethnographiques”, Revue des idées, Paris, IV, 1907, pp. 314-322.——, “Religion, magie, droit et vol”, Revue des idées, Paris, IV, 1907, pp. 950-953.——, “Totemisme et méthode comparative”, Revue de l'histoire des religions, Paris, VIII, 1908, pp. 34-76.——, “Essai d’une théorie des langues spéciales”, Revue d'études ethnographiques et sociologiques, Paris, I, 1908: 327-337.——, Religions, moeurs et légendes. Essais d’ethnographie et de linguistique. Tome I, Paris, Mercure de France, 1908,——, Les rites de passage. Étude systématique des rites de la porte et du seuil, de l'hospitalité, de l’adoption, de la grossesse et de l’accouchement, de la naissance, de l’enfance, de la puberté, de l’initiation, de l'ordination, du couronnement, des fiançailles et du mariage, des funérailles, des saisons, etc., Paris, Émile Nourry, 1909.——, La question d'Homère. Les poèmes homériques, l'archéologie et la poésie populaire. Suivi d'une bibliographie critique par A. J. Reinach, Paris, Mercure de France, 1909.——, Religions, moeurs et légendes. Essais d'ethnographie et de linguistique. Tome II, Paris, Mercure de France, 1909.——, “Un cas de possession”, Archives de psychologie, Ginebra, X, 1910, pp. 68-92.——, La formation des légendes, Paris, Ernest Flammarion, 1910.——, “De quelques rites de passage en Savoie”, Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris, 62, 1910, pp. 35-37, 183-217 y 322-355.——,”De la méthode à suivre dans l’étude des rites et des mythes”, Revue de l’Université de Bruxelles, Bruselas, abril, 1911: 505-523.——, “Études d'ethnographie algérienne”, Revue d’ethnographie et de sociologie, Paris, II, 1911.——, Les demi-savants, Paris, Mercure de France, 1911.——, Religions, moeurs et légendes. Essais d'ethnographie et de linguistique.
Tome III, París, Mercure de France, 1911.——, Religions, moeurs et légendes. Essais d'ethnographie et de linguistique.
Tome IV, Paris, Mercure de France, 1912.——, Religions, moeurs et légendes. Essais d'ethnographie et de linguistique. Tome V, Paris, Mercure de France, 1912.——. “Contribution à l’histoire de la méthode ethnographique”, Revue de l'histoire des religions, Paris, 67, 1913, pp. 320-338 y 68, 1913, pp. 32-61.——, En Algérie, Paris, Mercure de France, 1914.——, “Nouvelle recherches sur l'histoire en France de la méthode ethnographique: Claude Guichard, Richar Simon, Claude Fleury”, Revue de l’histoire des religions, Paris, 82, 1919, pp. 139-162.——, L’état actuel du problème totémique. Étude critique des théories sur les origines de la religion et de l'organization sociale, Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1920.——, Traité comparatif des nationalités. Tome I: Les éléments extérieurs de la nationalité, Paris, Payot, 1922.——, Le Folklore. Croyances et coutumes populaires françaises, Paris, Stock (La culture moderne, XI), 1924.——, Le folklore du Dauphiné (Isère). Étude descriptive et compare de psychologie populaire, Paris, G. P. Maisonneuve (Les littératures populaires de toutes les nations, II-III), 1932-1933 (dos volúmenes).——, Le folklore de la Bourgogne (Cote-d'Or) avec une discussion théorique sur le prétendu culte des sources, Paris, Impremerie Louis Jean (Contributions au folklore des provinces de France, I), 1934.——, “Cultes liturgiques et cultes populaires”, Folklore brabançon, Bruselas, XIII, 1934, pp. 287-299.——, Le folklore de la Flande et du Hainaut français (départament du Nord), Paris, G. P. Maisonneuve (Contributions au folklore des provinces de France, II y III), 1935 (dos volúmenes).——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome III. Questionionnaires. Provinces et pays. Bibliographie méthodique, Paris, A. Picard, 1937.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome IV. Bibliographie méthodique (fin). Index des noms d'auters. Index par Provinces, Paris, A. Picard, 1938.——, “Patronages, chapelles et oratoires de la Haute-Maurienne. Étude statistique et critique”, Revue de l'histoire de l'eglise de France, XXV, 1939, pp. 145-182.——, Le folklore de l’Auvergne et du Velay, Paris, G. P. Maisonneuve (Contributions au folklore des provinces de France, V), 1942.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, première partie. Introduction générale et première partie: du berceau à la tombe. Naissance, baptême, enfance, adolescence, fiançailles, Paris, A. Picard, 1943.——, La formación de las leyendas, Buenos Aires, Editorial Futuro, 1943 (1922 [1910]).——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, deuxième partie: du berceau à la tombe (fin). Mariage-funérailles, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1946.——, Le folklore des Hautes-Alpes. Étude descriptive et comparée de psychologie populaire, Paris,G. P. Maisoneuvre (Les littératures populaires de toutes les nations, Nouvelle série, IX), 1946.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, troisième partie: cérémonies périodiques cycliques. 1. Carnaval-carême-pâques, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1947.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, quatrième partie: cérémonies périodiques cycliques. 2. Cycle de mai. Le Saint- Jean, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1949.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, cinquième partie: les cérémonies périodiques cycliques et saisonnières. 3. Les cérémonies agricoles et pastorales de l'été, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1951.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, sixième partie: les cérémonies périodiques cycliques et saisonnières. 4. Les cérémocérémonies agricoles et pastorales de l'automne, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1953.——, Manuel de folklore français contemporain. Tome I, septième partie: cycle des douze jours. Tournées et chanson de quête. Personification du cycle: feux, bûchers et brandons mobiles. La bûche et le tison de Noël, Paris, A. y J. Picard, 1958 (obra póstuma).——, The Rites of Passage, (Solon T. Kimball, prologista), Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1972 (1960 [1909]).——, Les rites de passage. Étude systématique des rites de la porte et du seuil, de l'hospitalité, de l´adoption, de la grossesse et de l´accouchement, de la naissance, de l'enfance, de la puberté, de l'initiation, de l'ordination, du couronnement, des fiançailles et du mariage, des funérailles, des saisons, etc., (Rééditions, V), Suiza, Mouton and Co. and Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1969 [1909].——, Textes inédits sur le folklore francais contemporaine. Presentés et annotés par Nicole Belmont, Paris, Maisonneuvre et Larose, 1975.——, I riti di passagio, (Francesco Remotti, prologista), Turín, Editore Boringhieri (Universale Scientifica, 220), 1981.——, La formación de las leyendas. Facsimil de la edición de 1914, Barcelona, Editorial Alta Fulla, 1982 (1914 [1910]).——, Los ritos de paso. Estudio sistemático de las ceremonias de la puerta y del umbral, de la hospitalidad, de la adopción, del embarazo y del parto, del nacimiento, de la infancia, de la pubertad, de la iniciación, de la ordenación, de la coronación, del noviazgo y del matrimonio, de los funerales, de las estaciones, etc., Madrid, Taurus, (Ensayistas, 266), 1986 [1909].——, Le folklore français. Volume 1. Céremonies familiales: du berceau à la
tombe: la naissance, le baptême et la première enfance, le deuxième enfance et la adolescence, les fiançialles, le mariage, les funérailles. Céremonies périodiques, cycliques et saisonnières: cycle de carnaval-carême, cycle de pâques, Paris, Édition Robert Laffont, (Bouquins), 1998 [1943, 1946 y 1948].——, Le folklore français. Volume 2. Céremonies périodiques, cycliques et saisonnières (suite): cycle de mai, cycle de saint Jean et saint Pierre, cérémonies agricoles de l'été, cérémonies agricoles de l'automne, Paris, Édition Robert Laffont, (Bouquins), 1999.——, Le folklore français. Volume 3. Céremonies périodiques, cycliques et saisonnières (suite): cycle des douze jours: Noël, de Noël aux Rois. Textes inédits sur le folklore français contemporain. Essais divers de folklore, Paris, Édition Robert Laffont, (Bouquins), 1999.——, Le folklore français. Volume Bibliographies: Bibliographie méthodique. Bibliographie personelle complète des oeuvres, articles et écrits divers d'Arnold Van Gennep. Index des auteurs cités. Index des provinces, (Bouquins), Paris, Édition Robert Laffont, 1999.——, Chroniques de folklore d’Arnold Van Gennep. Recueil de texts parus dans le Mercure de France, 1905-1949 (Reunis et prefacés par Jean-Marie Privat), Paris, Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques / Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie, 2001
Malaria control policies and strategies in Ghana: the level of community participation in the intersectoral collaboration
No full textFor more than a century now, malaria has been a major public health problem in Ghana which consequently has been one of the country’s sources of underdevelopment due to economic losses, high rate of morbidity and mortality. Faced with this problem, the last ten years has seen a commitment from the Ghanaian government to address the issue by establishing a policy that would transform the way the disease is prevented and controlled. The transformation of the management of the disease by the use of intersectoral collaboration strategy (ISC) was to ensure the inclusion of the grass root community members who were hitherto excluded from participating in policymaking process of the national malaria control programme (NMCP) activities. The idea was that by allowing the communities to participate, members would be empowered to have ownership of programme activities, could accept the challenges associated with the control of the disease, and above all contribute more effectively to the success of the policy goal of minimising the persistence of malaria in Ghana.However, over ten years now, no systematic study has been done to access the extent to which this policy goal has been rhetoric or a reality. This thesis therefore seeks to examine this vision by investigating the extent to which the community members are allowed by the health authorities to participate in this policy strategy. Drawing on the case studies in the rural and urban districts in Ghana, the practical reality of the degree of community participation in ISC has been explored. In addition, the roles played by the community members in malaria control programme activities were examined with the aim of understanding the importance of communities in malaria control efforts. Finally, the barriers to participation as well as the extent of the institutional involvement in ISC and its possibility to facilitate community participation have also been examined.Overall, the evidence from the study findings demonstrated that the established strategy of ISC has not significantly promoted community participation in the NMCP activities. While the communities were consulted on malaria issues, they were often excluded from the final decision-making on issues that needed to be acted upon. Consequently, the communities have no guarantee that their views will be considered during the final deliberation in which they have little or no part to play. In spite of this, the study found that through various ways, the community members had been playing a number of significant roles in the control activities. These roles included: supporting health staff in their outreach services, contributing in managing the environment, providing assistance in the monitoring and evaluation of malaria programmes and finally assisting victims to cope with the disease. The findings also indicated that without a number of barriers, certain existing contextual factors (e.g. good level of horizontal integration and political structures and social-cultural institutions) potentially could have contributed to the community participation. From the views of health officials, these barriers were the powers of central bureaucratic structures and lack of resources whilst the community members perceived poverty, lack of support from the local health authorities, the precarious nature of their livelihood and traditional culture as those factors that have undermined participation. These barriers were structural and as such tackling any one barrier in isolation was not likely to solve the malaria problem. Besides, no one government sector, on its own, through participation, could make it possible for the community members to have a full ownership of the control programme activities as well as develop a culture of malaria prevention and control.Thus in the context of the study sites, the study concluded that although there is no evidence to suggest that ISC has enhanced full community participation, the strategy should be commended. In reality, the finding indicated that through ISC strategy many sectors including the community have become more aware of malaria problem and communicate more to solve the problem together. In the light of this, the study finds joint action in the form of ISC across many government sectors as a potential solution if these barriers are to be dealt with in a more strategic way rather than a piecemeal manner.In conclusion, it has been argued that with such a complex problem like malaria, ISC with community participation in policy making process is both a necessary and sufficient condition in reducing malaria persistence in the study sites. The health sector must work collaboratively with other related sectors and it is with such collaborative efforts that can change the attitudes of the community members. Changes in behavioural attitudes are paramount if communities’ activities that affect the environment and promote breeding of mosquitoes are to be minimised. Thus with ISC strategy, what is further needed are: proper control planning that will ensure better coordination amongst sectors, adequate resources and behavioural change by the community members themselves. Each of these factors, I believe should not work in isolation, rather must work together otherwise malaria persistence in Ghana will not go away anytime soon
Fecal contamination of drinking-water in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Get PDFBackground: access to safe drinking-water is a fundamental requirement for good health and is also a human right. Global access to safe drinking-water is monitored by WHO and UNICEF using as an indicator “use of an improved source,” which does not account for water quality measurements. Our objectives were to determine whether water from “improved” sources is less likely to contain fecal contamination than “unimproved” sources and to assess the extent to which contamination varies by source type and setting.Methods and findings: studies in Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish were identified from online databases, including PubMed and Web of Science, and grey literature. Studies in low- and middle-income countries published between 1990 and August 2013 that assessed drinking-water for the presence of Escherichia coli or thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) were included provided they associated results with a particular source type. In total 319 studies were included, reporting on 96,737 water samples. The odds of contamination within a given study were considerably lower for “improved” sources than “unimproved” sources (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15 [0.10–0.21], I2 = 80.3% [72.9–85.6]). However over a quarter of samples from improved sources contained fecal contamination in 38% of 191 studies. Water sources in low-income countries (OR = 2.37 [1.52–3.71]; p<0.001) and rural areas (OR = 2.37 [1.47–3.81] p<0.001) were more likely to be contaminated. Studies rarely reported stored water quality or sanitary risks and few achieved robust random selection. Safety may be overestimated due to infrequent water sampling and deterioration in quality prior to consumption.Conclusion: access to an “improved source” provides a measure of sanitary protection but does not ensure water is free of fecal contamination nor is it consistent between source types or settings. International estimates therefore greatly overstate use of safe drinking-water and do not fully reflect disparities in access. An enhanced monitoring strategy would combine indicators of sanitary protection with measures of water qualit
Los estudios socioculturales sobre el juego tradicional: una revisión taxonómica
Get PDFThis article examines the contributions of the anthropological study of games as a particular subfield of this discipline: the anthropology of games. It includes a detailed description of the anthropology, folklore, ethnology and ethnography based studies that contribute to analyse the socio-cultural aspects of the leisure phenomenon. The author focuses on the various taxonomies formulated to systematise leisure manifestations. The analysis of these classifications points out the limitations of the taxonomies, mainly due to their non-fulfilment of the criteria required in any taxonomy.El artículo examina las aportaciones de la antropología al estudio del juego como ámbito específico dentro de la disciplina, la antropología del juego. Se mencionan pormenorizadamente los estudios que, desde la antropología y también desde el folklore, la etnología y la etnografía, se han ocupado de dilucidar los aspectos socioculturales del fenómeno lúdico. En el abordaje de la perspectiva antropológica del juego, el autor hace hincapié en las diversas taxonomías que se han formulado para sistematizar el conjunto de manifestaciones lúdicas. El análisis de las clasificaciones pone de relieve las carencias que presentan, debidas sobre todo al incumplimiento de los criterios exigibles a cualquier taxonomía
The Impact of Aid on Maternal and Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review to Evaluate the Effect of Aid on the outcomes of Millennium Development Goal 5:The Impact of Aid on Maternal and Reproductive Health
No full textBackgroundThe Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5) aims to improve maternal andreproductive health outcomes by: a) reducing the maternal mortality ratio by 75%; and b) achieving universal access to reproductive healthcare, by 2015. Current estimates suggest that only 23 countries out of 181 are likely to reduce maternal mortality by 75%. The adoption of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 represented a global agenda to improve aid management and delivery, partly in order to address the slow progress towards the MDGs. In 2008, the Principles set out in the Paris Declaration to guide changes in international aid were re-affirmed in the Accra Agenda for Action.This review assesses available evidence of how aid delivered under the Principles adopted in the Paris Declaration is impacting upon development outcomes, focusing specifically on maternal and reproductive health (MDG 5). The review question is: What is the evidence of the impact on MDG 5 outcomes of delivering aid in line with Paris and Accra aid effectiveness principles? How does this compare to the evidence of the impact of aid in general on MDG 5 outcomes?Methods and ResultsThe review involved a comprehensive search of the literature to identify studiesthat met specific criteria. The studies had to address maternal and reproductive health in developing countries, had to concern activities funded by international aid, and had to provide evidence of the impact of the aid on maternal and reproductive health. By using broad criteria on the MDG 5 indicators and broad definitions of aid we made the review as inclusive as possible. An initial yield of 209 reports was screened using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to produce a total of 30 causal and correlation studies for synthesis and analysis.The review identified discernible gaps in the evidence base about the impact of aid on MDG 5, which are of concern if these targets are to be met by 2015. The studies suggest that aid-funded health care interventions, whether delivered using the Paris Principles or not, might be associated with better health outcomes. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations associated with the study designs. The data do not allow for a meaningful comparison of outcomes between aid delivered according to the Paris Principles and aid delivered outside this framework.Conclusions and RecommendationsOn systematic reviews and research methodology:There was considerable variation in the design and objectives of the studiesincluded. Impact evaluation literature asserts that studies based onexperimental design (e.g. randomised control trials) present the most plausibleevidence of impact. A more flexible approach to evaluating the impact of aid isrequired in order to capture contextual factors affecting how aid works.On evaluating on aid effectiveness:Future primary studies seeking to explore the impact of aid on outcomes inspecific sectors need to provide full information about the aid intervention.The impact of aid on maternal and reproductive health 2Likewise studies on aid effectiveness and aid modalities need to go further inproviding robust data for evaluating outcomes.On interventions in maternal and reproductive health:Before claims about cause and effect can be made, we need robust baselinedata to couple with later data. Most of the studies reviewed had a strongemphasis on healthcare interventions. Other factors that affect maternal andreproductive health, such as gender politics, income and class are neglected byrobust research, which if undertaken, could add significant insight into ourunderstanding of the interactions that shape maternal and reproductive healthin developing countries and consequently our efforts to improve outcomes andassess our interventions
