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IDENTIFIKASI DIATOMS PADA ORGAN HATI, GINJAL DAN PARU KORBAN TENGGELAM MENGGUNAKAN TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) DI SUNGAI PELUS SOKARAJA
Full text linkTenggelam adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian ketiga di dunia. Kematian akibat tenggelam yang terjadi di air tawar (sungai, danau, kolam) hampir 90%. Salah satu pemeriksaan khusus untuk mengidentifikasi korban yang meninggal akibat tenggelam adalah dengan pemeriksaan diatom. Diatom adalah fitoplankton uniseluler yang dapat digunakan sebagai bukti intravitalitas korban tenggelam, artinya korban masuk ke dalam air saat masih hidup dan kemudian mati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diatom pada organ hepar, ginjal dan paru-paru tikus putih yang tenggelam di Sungai Pelus. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, dengan 15 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang ditenggelamkan di air Sungai Pelus. Identifikasi diatom pada hepar, ginjal dan paru dilakukan dengan metode destruksi asam. Hasil yang diperoleh di hati teridentifikasi 19 diatom dari 7 genera : Amphora, Eunotia, Simonsenia, Epithemia, Fragilaria, Ulnaria, dan Synedra; organ ginjal mengidentifikasi 22 diatom dari 7 genera : Amphora, Navicula, Cymbella, Cocconeis, Epithemia, Fragilaria, dan Ulnaria; dan organ paru-paru teridentifikasi sebanyak 94 diatom dari 10 genera : Amphora, Diadesmis, Navicula, Simonsenia, Nitzschia, Epithemia, Isthmia, Ulnaria, Synedra, dan Aulacoseira. Sedangkan dari hasil pemeriksaan sampel air media Sungai Pelus didapatkan 14 genus diatom yaitu Amphora, Eunotia, Diadesmis, Navicula, Simonsenia, Nitzschia, Cymbella, Cocconeis, Epithemia, Isthmia, Fragilaria, Ulnaria, Synedra, dan Aulacoseira. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa genus diatom yang ditemukan di hati, ginjal dan paru-paru sama dengan genus yang ditemukan pada sampel air medium Sungai Pelus
THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) IN YOGURT (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) ON THE GROWTH OF Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213
Full text linkABSTRAK
Yoghurt merupakan produk pangan susu fermentasi dengan bantuan bakteri asam laktat (BAL). BAL merupakan bakteri yang dapat menghasilkan metabolit asam laktat, bakteriosin dan hidrogen peroksida. Beberapa penelitian menyampaikan BAL dalam yoghurt memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen. S. aureus ATCC 29213 adalah Gram positif, coccus yang tersusun tidak beraturan berkelompok seperti buah anggur. S. aureus ATCC 29213 adalah bakteri patogen utama manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan hidrogen peroksida pada yoghurt (L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus) terhadap pertumbuhan S. aureus ATCC 29213. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan post-test only with control group design. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 60 sampel dengan dua kali pengulangan dan terbagi dalam 10 kelompok konsentrasi (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) dengan 0% sebagai kontrol negative. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan Kruskal Wallis (p=0,003). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok. Kemudian dilanjutkan uji Mann Whitney untuk mengetahui perbandingan masing-masing kelompok. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan terdapat penghambatan pertumbuhan S. aureus ATCC 29213 oleh yoghurt dengan konsentrasi 5%, kandungan hidrogen peroksida 0,17 mmol/L, pH 5,7 sebagai konsentrasi yoghurt terendah.
Kata Kunci: Hidrogen Peroksida, Staphylococcus aureus, YoghurtABSTRACT
Yogurt is a fermented milk product with the help of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB is a bacterium that can produce metabolites of lactic acid, bacteriocin, and hydrogen peroxide. Several studies have shown that LAB in yogurt can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. S. aureus ATCC 29213 is a Gram-positive, coccus arranged in irregular clusters like grapes. S. aureus ATCC29213 is the main human pathogen. This study aims to determine the role of hydrogen peroxide in yogurt (L. bulgaricus and S.thermophilus) on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213. This research is an experimental study with the post-test only with control group design. The number of samples used were 60 samples with two repetitions and divided into 10 concentration groups (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) with 0 % as negative control. The analysis of this study used Kruskal Wallis (p=0.003). The result showed that there were significant differences between groups. Then continued the Mann-Whitney test to find out the comparison of each group. This study can be concluded there was inhibition of the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 by yogurt with a concentration of 5%, hydrogen peroxide content of 0.17 mmol/L, pH 5.7 as the lowest concentration of yogurt.
Keywords: Hydrogen Peroxide, Staphylococcus aureus, Yogur
ROLE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) IN YOGHURT (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) IN INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF Staphylococcus epidermidis CAUSES OF ACNE VULGARIS
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Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammation of the pilosebaceous follicles caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Yoghurt is the result of fermented milk with a mixture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus as Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) which produce several compounds like lactic acid, bacteriocin, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen peroxide is effective in reducing inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions in AV patients. This study aims to determine whether hydrogen peroxide produced by lactic acid bacteria in yoghurt affects inhibiting the growth of S. epidermidis. This research is an experimental study with the post-test only method with control group design which was conducted in vitro. Analysis of H2O2 levels in yoghurt using permanganometric titration. Bacterial growth inhibition test using macro delusion and colony counter. The samples used were 30 samples with two repetitions and divided into 10 concentration groups (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) with 0 % as negative control. Differences in treatment group barriers were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. One Way Anova test showed p < 0.001 which indicated a significant difference between each concentration group. The results of the Post-Hoc LSD test were p<0.05 between the control group and all treatment groups. H2O2 in yoghurt has antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. This study showed that there was an inhibition of the growth of S. epidermidis by yoghurt at concentration of 5% had a hydrogen peroxide content of 0.17 mg/mL and pH of 5.7 was the minimum inhibitory concentration of S. epidermidis growth.
Akne Vulgaris (AV) adalah peradangan pada folikel pilosebasea yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Yoghurt adalah hasil fermentasi susu dengan campuran kultur bakteri Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptopcoccus thermophilus sebagai bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) yang menghasilkan beberapa senyawa yaitu asam laktat, bakteriosin, hidrogen peroksida, dan karbondioksida. Pemberian hidrogen peroksida efektif dalam mengurangi lesi inflamatorik dan non-inflamatorik pada penderita AV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah hidrogen peroksida yang dihasilkan bakteri asam laktat pada yoghurt berperan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. epidermidis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan metode post-test only with control group design yang dilakukan secara in vitro. Analisis kadar H2O2 dalam yoghurt menggunakan tektik titrasi permanganometri. Uji hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri menggunakan metode makrodelusi dan colony counter. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 30 sampel dengan dua kali pengulangan dan terbagi dalam 10 kelompok konsentrasi (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%) dengan 0% sebagai kontrol negative. Perbedaan hambatan kelompok perlakuan dianalisis menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA. Analisis uji One Way Anova menunjukkan hasil p<0,001 yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara masing-masing kelompok konsentrasi. Hasil uji Post-Hoc LSD adalah p<0,05 antara kelompok kontrol dan semua kelompok perlakuan. H2O2 dalam yoghurt mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. epidermidis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat penghambatan pertumbuhan S. epidermidis oleh yoghurt dan konsentrasi 5% memiliki kandungan hidrogen peroksida sebesar 0,17 mg/mL dan nilai pH 5,7 merupakan konsentrasi hambat minimal pertumbuhan S. epidermidis
PERBANDINGAN KLORAMFENIKOL, ERITROMISIN DAN FORMALIN DENGAN BERBAGAI DOSIS TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN PERTUMBUHAN Clostridium perfringens
Full text linkDeath is the cessation of function of the circulatory system and respiratory system, or brain stem death has occurred. Decomposition is natural process that occur shortly after death. The main bacteria involved in the decomposition process is Clostridium perfringens. The process of decomposition sometimes need to be inhibited by the preservation bodies. Preserving the corpse is a medical procedure for the provision of certain chemicals such as formalin or can used a broad spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol and erytromicine. This study aims to test the effectiveness of various doses of chloramphenicol, erytromicine and formaline in inhibiting the growth of Clostridium perfringens. This was an experimental study with post test only and contol group design. The treatment of various doses of chloramphenicol 0,25 µg/ml, 0,5 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml, and 4 µg/ml; Erythromycin doses were 0,2 µg/mL, 0,4 µg/mL, 0,8 µg/mL, 1,6 µg/mL, and 3,2 µg/mL and formalin was given at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% in liquid medium Nutrient Broth. Incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C, and then planted in agar plate wiith spread plate method to determine the growth of bacteria. Bacterial growth was calculated by colony counter, then the percentage inhibition was determined. Data were analyzed using parametric tests One Way Annova and Post Hoc Test. The effective concentration was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 50 (MIC50). Data were analyzed using One Way Annova test, showed p value=0,009 (p<0,05) which meant that there were significant difference between the number of colony inhibition with number of doses given to C. perfringens, and the results of Post Hoc Test concentration of formaldehyde 10% and 8% had the lowest number of colonies or has the ability to inhibit the growth of c. perfringens bacteria most of 80% and 63%, so it can be said to be effective concentration (MIC50) at 8% formalin treatment with inhibition of growth of 63%.
Kematian adalah berhentinya sistem fungsi jantung atau sirkulasi, sistem pernafasan, dan telah terjadi kematian batang otak. Sesaat setelah terjadi kematian akan terjadi proses pembusukan. Bakteri utama yang berperan dalam proses pembusukan adalah bakteri Clostridium perfringens. Proses pembusukan terkadang perlu dihambat dengan pengawetan jenazah. Pengawetan jenazah adalah tindakan medis berupa pemberian bahan kimia seperti formalin atau dapat menggunakan antibiotik spektrum luas bersifat bakteriosidal seperti eritromisin dan kloramfenikol. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan, eritromisin, kloramfenikol dan formalin dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. perfringens serta menentukan konsentrasi senyawa atau antibiotik yang efektif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah true eksperimental dengan pendekatan post-test only with control group design. Konsentrasi kloramfenikol yang diberikan dosis 0,25 µg/mL, 0,5 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, 2 µg/mL, dan 4 µg/mL; eritromisin dosis 0,2 µg/mL, 0,4 µg/mL, 0,8 µg/mL, 1,6 µg/mL, dan 3,2 µg/mL; formalin sebesar 2%,4%,6%,8%, dan 10% dalam medium Nutrient Broth. Dilakukan inkubasi 24 jam dengan suhu 37OC, lalu penanaman di medium agar cawan dengan metode spread plate untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan bakteri. Bakteri yang tumbuh kemudian dihitung dengan colony counter dan dilakukan perhitungan presentase penghambatan. Data yang diperoleh diuji menggunakan uji parametrik One Way Annova dan dilanjut dengan Post Hoc Test. Konsentrasi senyawa efektif dilihat berdasarkan Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 50 (MIC50). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah koloni sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis senyawa karena p = 0,009 (p<0,05), dan hasil Post Hoc Test konsentrasi formalin 10% dan 8% memiliki jumlah koloni paling rendah atau mempunyai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan C. perfringens bakteri paling besar sebesar 80% dan 63%, sehingga dapat dikatakan sebagai konsentrasi efektif (MIC50) pada perlakuan formalin 8% dengan penghambatan pertumbuhan sebesar 63%
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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