1,828 research outputs found

    Pietro Verri’s Contribution to the Economic Theory of the 18th Century: Commercial Society, Civil Society and Governance of the Economy

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    'Count Pietro Verri (1728-97) - Schumpeter writes (History, p. 178) - - would have to be included in any list of the greatest economists'. Within the Milanese school, he certainly stands out, alongside with Cesare Beccaria, during one of the most interesting periods from a history of analysis point of view. Luigi Cossa's famous introduction to the study of political economy rates Pietro Verri to be inferior to Beccaria in ingenuity and scientific cultivation, but greatly to be ahead of him as an economist.1 This judgement by Cossa, in particular, seems to echo the relative position of the two men in the history of ideas, particularly after Beccaria's rise to fame with a book - On crimes and punishments - which had in fact been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him.2 It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely relate those to Verri's own - quite original - conception of the economy. The scholarly work of Pietro Verri - with a special reference to his Meditazioni sulla economia politica of 1771 - provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy, especially so if one considers that Cesare Beccaria's parallel work - namely his Elementi di economia pubblica, conceived and drafted at the same time as Verri's Meditazioni - would only be published posthumously several years later. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century; Verri, moreover, as we shall see, builds on a number of them in a new and original way. This paper is aimed at discussing Verri's political economy mainly along two distinct, but related, lines. In the first place the conception of commercial society is considered such as it is treated by the author particularly in his Meditazioni. In this perspective the analysis of such issues as competition and the market or money and taxation occupy a central place. Secondly it will be necessary to emphasise that Verri's approach has little to do either with forms of pure economics on one side - largely yet to be born throughout the 18th century - or, on the other side, with such conceptions of the polis - contrariwise well alive among his own contemporaries - as are founded on a sovereign authority conceived to be situated above the law. What Verri's political economy ultimately amounts to is an economic conception of civil society. The latter has natural strong connections with his own fact-mindedness - emphasised by Schumpeter - as well as with his deep practical involvement in administrative affairs and in the reforming process taking place during the latter half of the 18th century in Milan. In our view, a thorough investigation along the mentioned lines is the precondition for an understanding of the intellectual stature and of the scholarly contribution of Pietro Verri. His main ground is distinctly analytical and only by appreciating his analysis is it possible to shed light on the meaning and intellectual significance also of his practical contributions. Moreover Verri's pronouncements on the criticism of despotic government, the relevance of intermediate powers or bodies and on multiple levels of governance will be examined in a new and original light, showing how close they are to the gist of his analysis.

    Card. Pietro Pavan, Scritti. T. 3., prés. Mgr Franco Biffi. 1991

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    Thils Gustave. Card. Pietro Pavan, Scritti. T. 3., prés. Mgr Franco Biffi. 1991. In: Revue théologique de Louvain, 23ᵉ année, fasc. 4, 1992. pp. 501-502

    Common Data Environment (CDE). An efficient and effective use in Italian standard UNI 11337:2017

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    The article seeks to define the rules for building and managing data sharing environments, such as structured connection sites of information atoms, in order for them to be fully correlated (Pavan, 2017a). With the diffusion of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the information systems of the construction industry, it was necessary to create a specific digital data sharing environment. This environment was introduced by the British standard BS 1192-1: 2007 (BSI, 2007), under the name of Common Data Environment (CDE). In the first time, it was regarding the information collaboration rules in the AEC (Architectures, Engineering and Construction). Only in second time, in the PAS 1192-2: 2013 (BSI, 2013), it was extended its horizon, to information management during development phases of constructions processes, using BIM. Some interpretative difficulties contained in the above technical specification (PAS 1192-2) and the lack of knowledge of the instrument (CDE) by the public and private clients are now creating operational confusion which is likely to limit, if not in some cases, to erase, part of the innovation introduced by BIM systems in this sector. Starting with the simple confusion of the BIM-CDE with a traditional file hosting environment (and not data management environment), until the impossibility of statistical data processing or data relational verification and validation (Pavan, 2017b). This research defines the criticalities found in the non-rigorous application of the BIM-CDE and identifies possible prospects for system improvement. Future developments are aimed at creating specific analysis and processing applications for single data to increase the performance of chain-management

    About twin primes and distribution of primes

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    This paper give us a demonstration of twin primes conjecture using approximation of function �(iupsilon) that we introduce in section 6. Section 1-5 give us introduction to terminology and a clarification on (iupsilon) terms. In particular section 5 is really important because of its Lemma. Section 7 reassume foregoing explanations and it give us two theorems and one corollary;the theorem 7.2 give us exact approximation of twin primes counting function
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