1,720,962 research outputs found
Audiovisual Sexual Risks for Children on the Internet: Social Representations, Scientific Knowledge and Political Ideologies within European Parliament’s Debates
No full textAbstract First paper “Audiovisual Sexual Risks and the Internet: social representations within European Parliamentary debates”
The European Commission’s policy on children protection toward audiovisual sexual contents available on the Internet is based on a multi-stakeholders approach to regulatory, self-regulatory and co-regulatory initiatives. Several public meetings are held at the European Institutions. Aim: Our research focuses on the ones taken at the European Parliament between 2001 and 2016 and concerning the implementation of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2010/13/EU), the Directive on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/EU) and the Better Internet for Kids program (COM 2012 196 final). Methods: The corpus was composed of 45 European parliamentary debates. Methodologies for data analysis were content analysis (AtlasTi), and Alceste method (Iramuteq). Results: First, anchoring and objectification are identified through images and metaphors of the Internet and online audiovisual risks, especially sexual ones. Second, 4 clusters were identified: 1. European issue; 2. Sexual exploitation and child-pornography; 3. Risks; 4. Positive use of the Internet. Third, relevant themes, such as international dimension of crime, and rapidity of technological change.Abstract Second paper “International statistics on audiovisual sexual risks within European parliamentary debates: hegemonic and emancipated representations of the problem description ”
European parliamentary debates on the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (2010/13/EU), the Directive on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/EU) and the Better Internet for Kids program (COM 2012 196 final) make often reference to statistics provided by European institutions and associated agencies. These organizations play a role in the construction of knowledge and interpretation of socio-political phenomena. Aims: The research wishes to observe how international statistics create a hegemonic representation of audiovisual sexual risks for children, emancipated through reference to national data (Moscovici, 1961/76). Methods: The corpus is composed of 45 debates, held at the European Parliament between 2001 and 2016. A content analysis is carried on through the AltasTi software (Bauer, Gaskell, 2007; Dany, 2016). Results: A hegemonic representation is transmitted within European institutions through data produced by Eurobarometer, EuKidsOnline, Europol, Interpol, United Nations, NGOs. Policy concerning the most violent crimes, such as child pornography and sexual exploitation, tend to be tackled through reference to a higher variety of data sources and statistics, aimed at filling a gap of scientific knowledge. Emancipated representations are raised through reference to national dataAbstract Third paper “Children protection and freedom of expression towards online audiovisual contents in a European perspective: polemical representation based on different cultural backgrounds”
Internet policy towards online audiovisual risks for children, especially pornography, has been determined by the defense of freedom of expression, enshrined by the first amendment of the American Constitution (Castell, 2001). Nevertheless, European media systems have been influenced by a variety of historical and cultural backgrounds, paying attention towards ethical concerns related to risky audiovisual contents (Frau-Meigs, 2011). Aims: the piece of research aims to retrieve ethical considerations within the social representations of audiovisual sexual risks. The hypothesis is that polemical representations of audiovisual sexual risks are related to ethical concerns, by making reference to different ideological and cultural groups in Europe (van Dijk, 1998). Methods: By analyzing the European parliamentary debates on Internet policy concerning children protection, the research first retrieves references to ethical considerations within the speeches, then analyzes them through the Alceste method (Iramuteq), and finally carries on a content analysis (AtlasTi). Results: Debates on audiovisual media services directive focus on finding a balance between public service and market-oriented media system. Amongst audiovisual risks, child pornography evokes more ethical reflections. The principle of freedom of expression is either opposed to the possibility of media censorship or to the need of children protection. Polemical representations are due to different historical and cultural backgrounds, regulatory and policy frameworks
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Ethical challenges in european parliamentary debates with regards to audiovisual sexual risks on the internet
No full textsecondly, a hierarchical descendant classification has been carried out with the Alceste method (IRaMuTeQ). As a result, the
defence of protectionist values, such as consumer and child protection, is justified by violence prevention. Moreover, ethical issues are related to product placement and protection of cultural diversity. Four main themes are highlightedthey are the following ones: the equilibrium between public service and commercial interests, child pornography and sexual exploitation of children, the balance between freedom of expression, and child protection, the relation between freedom of expression and censorship
Médias audiovisuels et contenus sexuels en ligne à l’adolescence. Enjeux politiques en Europe
No full textAudiovisual media expose adolescents to the vision of sexual contents on the Internet. Within public debate, online availability of material “likely to harm” or “seriously harming” children generates forms of moral panic. A major concern derives from sexual risks, such as pornography, sexting and child-pornography. At the European political-institutional level, the measures implemented are based on auto-regulatory, co-regulatory and regulatory solutions. Among these initiatives, the most important ones have been the Safer Internet programme and two directives respectively focused on children protection with regards to Audiovisual Media Services (2010/13/UE) and on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/UE).Methodologically, the thesis analyzes 45 debates of the European Parliament which dealt with these issues between 2001 and 2016. This corpus has been examined through an original quali- quantitative protocol, with a content analysis and the Alceste method applied via the softwares ATLAS.ti and IRaMuTeQ. This work wishes to contribute to research on audiovisual media, online sexual contents, adolescents and children, by proposing an original point of view on European policy.The main hypothesis has been that European parliamentary debates are limited in terms of representativeness of national cultures ; starting from this premise, several aspects have been surveyed, either juridical, scientific, ethical and political issues. The main results respectively refer to different elements : 1. the variety of political-juridical interpretations of some concepts and the definitions of a few terms, besides the study of some juridical principles involved (fourth chapter) ; 2. the descriptions of online audiovisual sexual risks and the difficulties of European policy retrieved within parliamentary debates (fifth chapter) ; 3. the limits of European scientific knowledge in terms of representativeness of national culture, through the analysis of mentioned statistical data and studies (sixth chapter) ; 4. the multiplicity of ethical considerations, even based on different national cultures (seventh chapter) ; 5. the choice to favor self-regulatory measures (eight chapter).Les médias audiovisuels exposent les adolescents à la vision de contenus sexuels sur la Toile. Dans le débat public, la disponibilité en ligne de matériel « susceptible de nuire » ou « nuisant gravement » aux enfants suscite des formes de panique morale. Une préoccupation majeure dérive des risques de nature sexuelle, comme la pornographie, la texto-pornographie et la pornographie enfantine. Au niveau politico-institutionnel européen, les mesures mises en œuvre reposent sur des solutions d'autorégulation, de co-régulation et de régulation. Parmi ces initiatives, les plus importantes ont été le programme Safer Internet et deux directives respectivement axées sur la protection des mineurs par rapport aux Services de médias audiovisuels (2010/13/UE) et sur la lutte contre les abus sexuels et l’exploitation sexuelle des enfants, ainsi que la pédopornographie (2011/92/UE).Sur le plan méthodologique, la thèse est basée sur l'analyse de 45 débats au sein du Parlement européen qui ont traité de ces questions entre 2001 et 2016. Ce corpus a été examiné au moyen d’un protocole quali-quantitatif original, avec une analyse de contenu et la méthode Alceste appliquées à l’aide des logiciels ATLAS.ti et IRaMuTeQ. La thèse souhaite contribuer à la recherche sur les médias audiovisuels et les contenus sexuels en ligne face aux adolescents et aux enfants, en proposant un point de vue original sur les enjeux politiques européens.L’hypothèse principale était que les débats parlementaires européens sont limités en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales. À partir de ce présupposé, nous avons enquêté sur les différents niveaux impliqués : juridique, scientifique, éthique et politique. Les principaux résultats renvoient aux éléments suivants : 1. la variété des interprétations politico-juridiques de certains concepts et des définitions de quelques termes, outre l’étude des principes juridiques impliqués (quatrième chapitre) ; 2. les descriptions des contenus sexuels nuisibles pour les enfants en ligne et les difficultés de la politique européenne relevées dans les débats parlementaires (cinquième chapitre) ; 3. les limites du savoir scientifique européen en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales, par l’analyse des données statistiques et des études citées (sixième chapitre) ; 4. la multiplicité des considérations éthiques, notamment sur la base des différentes cultures nationales (septième chapitre) ; 5. le choix de privilégier des mesures auto-réglementaires (huitième chapitre).I media audiovisivi espongono gli adolescenti alla visione di contenuti sessuali sulla Rete. Nel dibattito pubblico, la disponibilità online di materiale « potenzialmente » o « gravemente nocivo » per i bambini suscita delle forme di panico morale. Una preoccupazione maggiore deriva dai rischi di natura sessuale, quali la pornografia, il sexting e la pedo-pornografia. Sul piano politico-istituzionale europeo, le misure implementate si basano su soluzioni di autoregolamentazione, co-regolamentazione e regolamentazione. Tra queste iniziative, le più importanti sono state il programma Safer Internet e le due direttive rispettivamente dedicate alla protezione dei minori rispetto ai Servizi dei media audiovisivi (2010/13/UE) e la lotta contro l’abuso e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini, così come la pornografia minorile (2011/92/UE). Sul piano metodologico, la tesi è basata sull’analisi di 45 dibattiti del Parlamento europeo che hanno trattato queste questioni tra il 2001 e il 2016. Il corpus è stato esaminato mediante un protocollo quali-quantitativo originale, con un’analisi del contenuto e il metodo Alceste, applicati mediante i programmi ATLAS.ti e IRaMuTeQ.La tesi desidera contribuire alla ricerca sui media audiovisivi, i contenuti sessuali online, gli adolescenti e i bambini, proponendo un punto di vista originale sulle questioni politiche europee. L’ipotesi principale è stata che i dibattiti parlamentari europei siano limitati in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali ; a partire da questo presupposto, abbiamo indagato diversi livelli implicati : giuridico, scientifico, etico e politico. I principali risultati si riferiscono rispettivamente a questi diversi elementi : 1. la varietà delle interpretazioni politico-giuridiche di alcuni concetti e delle definizioni di alcuni termini, oltre che lo studio dei principi giuridici implicati (quarto capitolo) ; 2. le descrizioni dei rischi audiovisivi sessuali online e le difficoltà della politica europea rilevati nei dibattiti parlamentari (quinto capitolo) ; 3. i limiti del sapere scientifico europeo in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali, attraverso l’analisi dei dati statistici e degli studi citati (sesto capitolo) ; 4. la molteplicità delle considerazioni etiche, anche sulla base delle diverse culture nazionali degli oratori (settimo capitolo) ; 5. la scelta di privilegiare delle misure auto-regolamentarie (ottavo capitolo)
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