12 research outputs found
Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)
No full textDoss, D. Paramanantha Swami, Nagarajan-Radha, Venkatesh, Kandula, Sripathi (2016): Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx). Acta Chiropterologica 18 (1): 199-207, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.010, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/e73563db-4efc-3584-97be-210a9e5273aa
FIG. 3 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)
No full textFIG. 3. Daily variation in duration and frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behaviors. Mean ± SEM of frequency and duration between observation sessions (one hour time interval). Mean ± SEM number of attempts and duration of each attempt were calculated for each observation session across 12 months (between January and December 2012) for all focal batsPublished as part of Doss, D. Paramanantha Swami, Nagarajan-Radha, Venkatesh & Kandula, Sripathi, 2016, Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx), pp. 199-207 in Acta Chiropterologica 18 (1) on page 203, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.010, http://zenodo.org/record/782313
FIG. 2 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)
No full textFIG. 2. Inter-individual variation in the mean frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behavior between mating and non-mating seasons. Data shown as the mean of number of attempts (± SEM) made by focal bats between two mating and two non mating seasons. Each data point represents individual focal bat (Animal ID — A to F)Published as part of Doss, D. Paramanantha Swami, Nagarajan-Radha, Venkatesh & Kandula, Sripathi, 2016, Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx), pp. 199-207 in Acta Chiropterologica 18 (1) on page 202, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.010, http://zenodo.org/record/782313
FIG. 4 in Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx)
No full textFIG. 4. Seasonal variation in duration and frequency of A — scent marking, B — wing flapping and C — open wing gesture behaviors. Mean ± SEM of frequency and duration varying between observed months (from January to December 2012). Mean ± SEM of number of attempts and duration was calculated from seven observation sessions for each monthPublished as part of Doss, D. Paramanantha Swami, Nagarajan-Radha, Venkatesh & Kandula, Sripathi, 2016, Daily and seasonal variation in non-acoustic communicative behaviors of male greater short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus sphinx), pp. 199-207 in Acta Chiropterologica 18 (1) on page 204, DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.1.010, http://zenodo.org/record/782313
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE GUT MICROBIAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED CARP SPECIES
No full textThis study explored bacterial diversity in the gastrointestinal tract of the Indian Major Carp (Labeo catla) using culture-dependent techniques. Results showed notable differences in bacterial load between the foregut and hindgut. Five bacterial strains were isolated, four from the hindgut and one from the foregut. Aeromonas (CC3) was the most prevalent strain, with colony counts from 2 to 53 across plates. Morphological and Gram stain analyses identified the isolates as belonging to five genera: Serratia, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas; 75% were Gram-negative, and 25% were Gram-positive. Biochemical tests revealed genus-specific traits, with Aeromonas exhibiting the widest metabolic activity, including positive reactions for citrate, urease, catalase, oxidase, and sulphur reduction. These findings offer foundational insights into the focal animal’s gut microbiota, emphasising the dominance of hindgut bacterial populations and the potential functions of certain strains.
KeywordsCatla catla, Bacterial strains, Foregut, Hindgut, Nutrient Aga
Male Resource Defence Behaviour Strengthens Harem Size in Promiscuously Mating Fruit Bats
No full textBehavioural, Respiratory and Histopathological Effects of the Strobilurin Fungicide Picoxystrobin on Riverine Fish, Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
No full textIn this study, the toxicity of the fungicide was assessed using behavioural and histopathological effects in freshwater cichlids, specifically tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Picoxystrobin is a broad-spectrum systemic cereal fungicide belonging to the strobilurin class. Its mode of action involves blocking mitochondrial electron transport at the Qo site of complex III, thereby reducing ATP production and inhibiting cellular respiration. Tilapia was selected as the target species due to its global economic significance and ecological relevance. As one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish, tilapia plays a vital role in food security, aquaculture, and rural livelihoods. To evaluate the fungicide\u27s toxicity, healthy and active tilapia fingerlings were exposed to low and high concentrations of the fungicide for 21 days. The mortality rate among the experimental fish was zero in the control group but increased in water treated with low- and high-concentration fungicides. In this study, fish exposed to various concentrations of Picoxystrobin exhibited a consistent and significant increase in opercular movement rate. The rise in opercular beats from control to higher concentrations was statistically significant (p = 0.05). Furthermore, oxygen consumption gradually decreased as Picoxystrobin concentration increased. Histopathological analysis showed that exposure to fungicide-contaminated water caused progressive alterations in target organs, including the intestine and gills. Overall, the behavioural, respiratory, and histopathological responses observed in this research emphasise the ecological risks of fungicide contamination in aquatic environments and highlight the need for stricter regulation of agrochemical residues in water bodies
Assessing the Home Range, Foraging Pattern and Roost Fidelity of Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus sphinx) in a Semi-Urban Environment
No full textRadio telemetry is a method used in wildlife ecology to examine the movements and behaviours of animals, as well as to define their home ranges and habitat preferences. Bats, a highly diverse group of mammals, are recognized for their essential contributions to ecosystems, including seed dispersal, pollination, and pest control through their foraging activities. This study utilised radio telemetry to explore the basic foraging behaviours, range of movement, and roosting flexibility of the Cynopterus sphinx species. A total of 15 bats were equipped with compact, hand-wired, two-stage transmitter radio devices, including two harem males, nine harem females, and four non-harem males. Three groups used TRX-1000S receivers and collapsible 5-element Yagi antennas to track these radio-tagged bats. Our findings indicate that the radio-tagged female bats were the first to leave their roosts, with emergence times between 18:15 and 19:18 hrs. In contrast, harem males emerged last, following the quicker departure of non-harem males. The harem males covered an average foraging distance of 2.4 km (±0.3 km), whereas non-harem males travelled further. Both male and female bats visited multiple feeding sites nightly, with females travelling an average distance of 4.5 km (±0.9 km). Time spent at foraging sites varied among individuals. Males show higher roost fidelity than females, who frequently move between harems and roost sites. The study highlighted gender-specific differences in emergence times and distinct foraging behaviours, underlining the importance of understanding these patterns for conservation and habitat management efforts, which are crucial for supporting bats\u27 roles as providers of ecosystem services
Clinal variation in body size and sexual dimorphism in an Indian fruit bat, \u3ci\u3eCynopterus sphinx \u3c/i\u3e (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
No full textGeographic variation in body size and sexual dimorphism of the short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx ) was investigated in peninsular India. Bats were sampled at 12 localities along a 1,200 km latitudinal transect that paralleled the eastern flanks of the Western Ghats. The geographic pattern of variation in external morphology of C. sphinx conforms to the predictions of Bergmann’s Rule, as indicated by a steep, monotonic cline of increasing body size from south to north. This study represents one of the first conclusively documented examples of Bergmann’s Rule in a tropical mammal and confirms that latitudinal clines in body size are not exclusively restricted to temperate zone homeotherms. Body size was indexed by a multivariate axis derived from principal components analysis of linear measurements that summarize body and wing dimensions. Additionally, length of forearm was used as a univariate index of structural size to examine geographic variation in a more inclusive sample of bats across the latitudinal transect. Multivariate and univariate size metrics were strongly and positively correlated with body mass, and exhibited highly concordant patterns of clinal variation. Stepwise multiple regression on climatological variables revealed that increasing size of male and female C. sphinx was associated with decreasing minimum temperature, increasing relative humidity, and increasing seasonality. Although patterns of geographic size variation were highly concordant between the sexes, C. sphinx also exhibited a latitudinal cline in the magnitude and direction of sexual size dimorphism. The size differential reversed direction across the latitudinal gradient, as males averaged larger in the north, and females averaged larger in the south. The degree of female-biased size dimorphism across the transect was negatively correlated with body size of both sexes. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that male- and female-biased size dimorphism were based on contrasting sets of external characters. Available data on geographic variation in the degree of polygyny in C. sphinx suggests that sexual selection on male size may play a role in determining the geographic pattern of sexual size dimorphism
Sibling species in South Indian populations of the rufous horse-shoe bat Rhinolophus rouxii
No full textCryptic species are difficult to identify using morphological identification tools. They represent hitherto unknown biodiversity and their discovery helps formulate more efficient conservation management policies. In this study we assess intraspecific diversity of Rhinolophus rouxii and investigate the presence of cryptic lineages. We characterize acoustic, morphological and genetic differences between allopatric populations of this species in Southern India. Our results reveal the presence of two distinct acoustic lineages (80 and 90 kHz phonic types). Forearm length also differs significantly between the two phonic types. They share a sister taxa relationship and the average genetic distance between them is over 8 %. Phylogenetic reconstruction and the associated divergence time suggest an evolutionary history that correlates with a middle Miocene separation. We propose that these two phonic types be called sibling species and evolutionarily significant units (ESU) within the subgenus Indorhinolophus. We recommend a new name, R. indorouxii for the species representing the 90 kHz phonic type. This study reiterates our lack of accurate taxonomic knowledge of bats, and highlights the value in combining genetics with behavioral (phonic characterization) and morphological measurements in the discovery of cryptic species
