306,032 research outputs found
Crack propagation in honeycomb cellular materials: a computational approach
No full textComputational models based on the finite element method and linear or nonlinear fracture mechanics are herein proposed to study the mechanical response of functionally designed cellular components. It is demonstrated that, via a suitable tailoring of the properties of interfaces present in the meso- and micro-structures, the tensile strength can be substantially increased as compared to that of a standard polycrystalline material. Moreover, numerical examples regarding the structural response of these components when subjected to loading conditions typical of cutting operations are provided. As a general trend, the occurrence of tortuous crack paths is highly favorable: stable crack propagation can be achieved in case of critical crack growth, whereas an increased fatigue life can be obtained for a sub-critical crack propagation
Structural integrity of hierarchical composites
No full textInterface mechanical problems are of paramount importance in engineering and materials science.
Traditionally, due to the complexity of modelling their mechanical behaviour, interfaces are often treated as
defects and their features are not explored. In this study, a different approach is illustrated, where the interfaces
play an active role in the design of innovative hierarchical composites and are fundamental for their structural
integrity. Numerical examples regarding cutting tools made of hierarchical cellular polycrystalline materials are
proposed, showing that tailoring of interface properties at the different scales is the way to achieve superior
mechanical responses that cannot be obtained using standard material
Inquadratura e montaggio
No full textFilmato dell’incontro di “Cinematecnica” tenuto dalla montatrice cinematografica Simona Paggi. Simona Paggi sarà la montatrice de “La vita è bella” di Roberto Benigni, con cui ha ottenuto una candidatura agli Oscar per il miglior montaggio. Argomento dell’incontro è il montaggio cinematografico e il ruolo del montatore dalla visione dei giornalieri al montaggio finale delle scene. Simona Paggi parla del suo rapporto con i registi in particolare con Gianni Amelio per cui ha montato “Il ladro di bambini” (con cui ha vinto un David di Donatello), “Porte aperte” e “Lamerica”, film nel quale ha usato per la prima volta tecniche digitali
Triulzi, Alessandro (a cura di). - Fotografia e storia dell' Africa
No full textPaggi Sylvia. Triulzi, Alessandro (a cura di). - Fotografia e storia dell' Africa. In: Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 36, n°141-142, 1996. Images. pp. 317-320
Thienemanniella liae Paggi
No full text<i>Thienemanniella liae</i> Paggi <p>(Fig. 4)</p> <p> <i>Thienemanniella liae</i> Paggi, 2007: 3 males, 1 male with pupal exuviae, 1 female, 1 mature female pupa, 3 pupae, 3 pupal exuviae, 2 prepupae, 13 larvae. Type locality Argentina.</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype male; ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires province, Sierra de la Ventana, Sauce Grande Stream, 38°53’S, 61°58’W, 26.III.1994, light trap, A. C. Paggi (MLP). Allotype female; same data as holotype. 7 larvae, together with other undetermined larvae, 1 pharate female with pupal exuviae, and 1 pupal exuviae, Rio Negro province, Neuquen, Limay river, Picaza, 39°35’S, 70°08’W, Surber sample, 25.II.1998, A. C. Paggi (ILPLA). 1 male with pupal exuviae, same data as before but Limay river, Taux, Surber sample, 24.II.1998, A. C. Paggi (MLP).</p> <p> <b>Diagnostic characters.</b> <i>T. liae</i> belongs to the <i>T. spreta</i> group. The brownish larval head capsule with small ventral spinules is characteristic. The adult and pupa are not easy to identify, but according to the measurements given for the male by Paggi (2007) – total length 1.17–1.39 mm, wing length 0.86–1.15 mm – the male is larger than those of other species mentioned here. Also, the brown tergites I–V (except for white setal bases) and the gonostylus without crista dorsalis may help to distinguish this species. The pupal abdominal armament pattern is similar to that in other species of the group, but sternite I is bare in the specimens examined, whereas in the other species of the group there is very fine shagreen.</p> <p> <b>Additions to previous description. Pupa</b> (n = 2). Tergites III–V with posterior spinules slightly larger and wider (Fig. 4 B) than those preceding them on the respective tergite; tergites VI–VIII with anteromedian shagreen of spinules slightly longer than on remainder of tergite. Sternite I bare, II with elongated spinules (Fig. 4 A), III– VIII with homogeneous shagreen of short spinules; on male exuviae, sternites VII and VIII with a posterior row of larger spinules. Male genital sac with apical inner margin oblique (Fig. 4 C).</p> <p> <b>Larva</b> (n = 7). Head capsule and antenna brown; head ventral integument with very small spinules; mentum with first lateral teeth adpressed to outer median teeth.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> On the holotype and the paratype male examined, the superior volsella has a well sclerotized posterior margin, but it was impossible to discern the median margin of this structure.</p>Published as part of <i>Wiedenbrug, Sofia, Lamas, Carlos E. & Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, 2013, A review of Neotropical species in Thienemanniella Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae), pp. 215-237 in Zootaxa 3670 (2)</i> on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/215940">http://zenodo.org/record/215940</a>
Polyarthra platensis José, Paggi & Paggi, 2011, sp. nov.
No full textPolyarthra platensis sp. nov. Type locality. Shallow lake in Reserva Ecológica U.N.L., Santa Fe (floodplain of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province, Argentina (31 ° 38 ’ 16 ” S 60 ° 40 ’ 21 ” W; temperature 27 ºC, conductivity 1065 µS.cm - 1, pH 8, dissolved oxygen 9 mg.l - 1). February 11 th, 2009. Type material. Holotype: 1 parthenogenetic Ψ, complete, mounted on a slide, Accession Number MACN-In 38202. Paratypes: two parthenogenetic Ψ, dissected and mounted on two slides, from type locality, Accession numbers MACN-In 38203–38204; two parthenogenetic Ψ, complete, mounted on two slides, all from type locality and on the same date. Accession number MFA/Z 8 – 9. Additional material. Numerous specimens in liquid samples, preserved in formalin deposited in INALI. Shallow lake in Reserva Ecológica U.N.L., Santa Fe (type locality), February 24 th, 2009. Laguna Gonzalez, near Santa Fe (floodplain of Paraná River), Santa Fe Province, Argentina (31 ° 40 ’ 28 ” S 60 ° 34 ’ 11 ” W), November 5 th, 2009. Pond situated one Km south of Cuay Grande River, Corrientes Province, Argentina (28 ° 41 ’ 41 ” S 56 ° 14 ’ 30 ” W), November 16 th, 2004. Swamp at Garrucho, Corrientes Province, Argentina (28 ° 7 ’ 50 ” S 55 ° 42 ’ 30 ” W), November 16 th, 2004. Pond in Saenz Peña, Formosa Province (26 º 54 ’ 26 ” S 60 º 27 ’ 37 ” W), December 1, 2007. The environmental conditions at all five listed sites combined were: temperature 25–27.5 ºC, conductivity 292–1065 µS.cm - 1, pH 7.5–9, dissolved oxygen 4.26–6.90 mg.l - 1. S hort diagnosis. Polyarthra with four bundles of well developed paddles, all similar in length, but shorter than body. Each bundle with two different types of paddles. Ventral accessory paddles present. Vitellarium with 8 nuclei. Unci with single tooth. Manubria gently curved in anterior half, with no projection or lamella present on its surface. Rami with single large tooth on inner margin. Distal part of rami, anterior to large tooth, round with one apical lobe. Description of parthenogenetic female. Shape of body, in dorsoventral view, subrectangular or roughly subpentagonal (Figs. 1–2), more rarely, with lateral flanks progressively widening posteriorly. Maximum width about 60-70 % of total body length. Posterior end of body frequently produced into a wide, convex depressed process. Along the dorsal wall of the body, on both sides, and posterior to each bundle of paddles, there is an integumental expansion or ridge. This ridge is somewhat variable in shape, but could generally be described as being at an obtuse angle with the apex, located midway between the insertion of paddles and lateral antenna (Figs 2, 3, 5–7). On occasion this ridge is accompanied by a small expansions near end of body (Fig. 7). In lateral view, body progressively tapers to posteriorly, dorsal expansions do not reach outline of maximum thickness. None of the studied specimens exhibited a “ proloba- like” ventral protuberance. Vitellarium with 8 nuclei. However, an additional nucleus was observed in just two specimens collected from two different localities. Corona with relatively long cilia, one wide and low ciliate protuberance in central part, a pair of short, inconspicuous apical antennae close to outer limit of corona and two short protuberances positioned close to each antenna (Figs. 1–3). Eyespot conspicuous and relatively large (6.5–7 % of body length), dark-red in colour and hemispherical in shape, with a posterolateral inclination of its plane (Figs. 1–2). Dorsal antenna, easily visible due to a thickening that partially surrounds the pore, located midway between dorsal bundles of paddles (Figs. 2–3). Lateral antennae, not so conspicuous, located close to distal insertion of paddle muscles (Fig. 2). Four bundles of major paddles located close to limit between head and rest of body. Each bundle with three paddles similar in length extending beyond the posterior end of the body by about 20–25 % of paddles length. Paddle bundles comprise two lanceolate and one ensiform paddle, all 10–20 % shorter than body length, with a welldefined central longitudinal vein. Lanceolate paddles with maximum width, 13–15 % of length, at distal fourth fifth; with 14–17 short teeth on each side, those on distal third as end of a sort pattern of oblique veins or pleats (Fig. 8). Ensiform paddle, slightly longer than lanceolate paddles, with maximum width, 7–9 % of length, at middle; margins coarsely serrated, with 11–14 well defined larger teeth and surface of blade smooth (Fig. 9). Accessory pair of ventral paddles, ligulate and extremely slender, basal width 2.5 –3.0 % of length, with smooth margins and as long as or slightly shorter than half of body length, inserted midway between ventral bundles (Figs. 1, 3, 4 and 10). Throphi virgate, about half as long as body, somewhat poorly sclerotized (Fig. 11). In ventral view, fulcrum seems to be as long as rami, bacilliform with a small rounded expansion at distal end; in lateral view, shorter than rami, subrectangular, with dorsal margin straight and ventral margin concave, expanded at distal end (middle height = 16–17 % of length and distal height = 28–29 % of length) (Figs. 11–12). In lateral view, it can be seen that rami are longer than fulcrum and curved from coronal plane to transverse plane (Fig. 12). Basal apophyses half as long as fulcrum and perpendicular to longitudinal axis of trophi, with distal part ending in a rounded, posteriorly expanded protuberance. Outer half of each ramus subhemicircular, with thin lamella whose anterior limit is barely visible. Inner part of each ramus with one conspicuously stout conical tooth at beginning of distal fourth; anterior to this tooth there is a rounded structure with one lobule at tip; posterior to stout conical tooth there is a sort of smooth flap followed by a smooth, gently concave margin (Figs. 13–14). Manubria rod-like, slender and curved, with distal part straight or slightly recurved in dorsoventral view; approximately as long as fulcrum; smooth surface without lamella (Figs. 15–16). Unci approximately as long as one third of manubria, tapered into one relatively blunt tip (Figs. 15–16). Dimensions (in µm, mean ± standard deviation; n = 20). Body: length = 86.4 ± 7.0, width = 58.8 ± 4.7, height = 53.0 ± 2.4. Paddles: major lanceolate, length = 75.7 ± 5.3, width = 10.7 ±1.0; major enciform, length = 77.2 ± 3.4, width = 6.7 ± 1.1; accessory ventral, length = 38.2 ± 10, width = 1.1 ± 0.1. Trophi: total length = 41.3 ± 2.4 [48.5 ± 2.7]; fulcrum length = 20.9 ± 0.8, rami: length = 19.7 ± 9.8 [26.0 ± 0.9], width 10.8 ± 1.5; manubria length = 23.4 ± 1.5; unci length = 6.7 ± 0.5. Due to the rami being curved in a sagittal plane two measurements are given for total length and rami length: 1) in ventral view, with coverslip supported on plasticine so as not to compress the trophi, 2) between square brackets, in lateral view or in ventral view but with rami straightened by crushing with a coverslip. Etymology. The specific name refers to the origin of the studied material, which is water bodies located within the La Plata River Basin. La Plata Basin or Cuenca del Plata is the largest water system in South America. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Polyarthra platensis sp. nov. should be included in the “ P. vulgaris group” due to the presence of ventral accessory paddles and taking into account certain features of the trophi. The species may be considered phylogenetically close to P. dolichoptera Idelson, 1925. However, there are several consistent differences between these two species. First, there are two characters that seem to be autapomorphic to P. platensis; specifically 1) the presence of a pair of lateral, normally angled expansions of dorsal integument and 2) the peculiar morphological heterogeneity of the main paddles. The unusual presence of the lateral expansion of dorsal integument has not been reported before in any of the other species in the genus and may be interpreted as a hydrodynamic adaptation associated to the rapid skipping motion used to avoid predators, which is typical of the species of this genus. Jersabek et al. (2003) show a photograph of a specimen, in lateral view, questionably identified as “ P. l u m i - nosa? Kutikova, 1962 ” (Catalog Number: ANSP 749), with a morphological feature that resembles this integumental expansion. However, it is not discernable in the dorsal view photographs of the same specimen. In comparison, the lateral expansions of integument are readily visible in dorsal view in P. platensis, even at low magnification. With respect to the morphological differences between paddles within a bundle, at least two other cases are known, in P. luminosa Kutikova, 1962 and P. minor Voigt, 1904. However, in both species this morphological heterogeneity is constrained to either the dorsal bundles, and only to the left dorsal bundle in P. minor. Of additional note, P. minor does not belong to “ P. vulgaris- group” because it lacks the accessory ventral paddles. In P. platensis sp. nov., all bundles have the same pattern of heterogeneity, while the distinct paddle in P. platensis sp. nov. is ensiform, in P. luminosa and P minor are dagger-shaped (i.e. leaf-shaped but widest in the proximal part). Apart from these autapomorphies, P. platensis sp. nov. and P. dolichoptera may be differentiated by the following features: 1) in P. dolichoptera the general body shape tapers to posteriorly, while in P. p l a t e n s i s sp. nov. the posterior part is not tapered; 2) the main paddles in P. dolichoptera are as long as, or longer than the body, while in P. platensis sp. nov. the paddles are shorter than the body; 3) the ventral accessory paddles of P. dolichoptera have serrated edges and are relatively shorter: ca. one fourth of the main paddle length, while in P. p l a t e n s i s sp. nov. these paddles have smooth margins and are somewhat more than half as long as the major paddles; 4) in P. dolichoptera the manubria have well-developed lamellae, while in P. platensis sp. nov. lamellae are absent; and 5) in P. dolichoptera the basal apophyses of rami have a knob-like recurved (anteriorly directed) termination, while in P. platensis sp. nov. the protuberance is directed to posteriorly. Other differences also exist, which are not easy to circumscribe in terms of shape or size, but are clearly identifiable when specimens are compared. Examples include, the shape of the tips and inner margin of the rami, the size of the teeth, and the basal structure of the rami. P. platensis sp. nov. also shares several features with P. l u m i n o s a. However, these two species are clearly distinguished by the following features: 1) in P. l u m i n o s a the shape of the accessory paddles is broad, lanceolate and with serrated edges, while in P. platensis sp. nov. these paddles are narrow, ligulate, and with smooth edges; 2) in P. luminosa the manubria have a lamella, while in P. platensis sp. nov. the manubria are subcyclindrical and bare; 3) in P. l u m i n o s a the unci are almost as long as the manubria, while in P. platensis sp. nov. the unci are definitely shorter, measuring about one third of the length of the manubria; 4) in P. luminosa the outer side of rami are bare, while they have a wide lamella in P. platensis sp. nov.; and 5) in P. l u m i n o s a the basal apophyses are bifurcated terminally, while in P. p l a t e n s i s sp. nov. they end in a knob. In P. platensis sp. nov., the anterior end of the rami (after the major tooth) resembles that of P. i n d i c a, described by Segers and Babu (1999). However, P. indica has four alternating teeth that precede the major tooth, while the manubria have a well-developed lamella, and the paddles are homogeneous in shape. Specimens of Polyarthra from the Broa reservoir in Brazil were named ‘ Polyarthra sp. near vulgaris Carlin’ by Segers and Dumont (1995). Because this species is also a member of the vulgaris -group, similarities exist with P. platensis sp. nov. However, the former species has a number of traits that differ from P. platensis sp. nov., such as, the shape of accessory ventral paddles, the absence of a pair of dorso-lateral expansions of the integument, the homogenous shape of the main paddles, and several details of trophi structure. The discovery of this new species, which, at first glance, is easily assignable to the P. vulgaris- group, suggests that a revision of the genus in the Neotropical region is pressingly needed.Published as part of José, Susana B., Paggi, De & Paggi, Juan C., 2011, A new species of Polyarthra Ehrenberg, 1834 belonging to the vulgaris- group (Rotifera: Monogononta: Synchaetidae) from Argentina, with a key to the identification of species in the Neotropical Region, pp. 51-57 in Zootaxa 2828 on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20376
A dimensional analysis approach to fatigue in quasi-brittle materials
No full textRIASSUNTO. Nel presente lavoro si propone uno studio di analisi dimensionale del fenomeno della fatica nei
materiali quasi-fragili. Esso costituisce una generalizzazione della metodologia pionieristica proposta da
Barenblatt e Botvina e si prefigge di interpretare le deviazioni dalle leggi di potenza classiche usate per
caratterizzare il comportamento a fatica dei materiali. In base a questo approccio teorico, gli effetti dovuti alla
dimensione microstrutturale (correlabile al contenuto volumetrico di fibre nei calcestruzzi fibrorinforzati), alla
dimensione delle fessure e alla scala strutturale sulla legge di Paris e sulle curve di Wöhler sono discussi in un
contesto matematico unificato. Il modello teorico è confermato dal confronto con rilevanti risultati sperimentali
disponibili in letteratura, usati per determinare i valori degli esponenti di autosimilarità incompleta. Le
informazioni fornite da questa teoria possono essere particolarmente utili per guidare la progettazione di nuovi
esperimenti, dal momento che viene chiarito il ruolo delle diverse variabili adimensionalizzate che governano il
fenomeno della fatica.
ABSTRACT. In this study, a generalized Barenblatt and Botvina dimensional analysis approach to fatigue crack
growth is proposed in order to highlight and explain the deviations from the classical power-law equations used
to characterize the fatigue behaviour of quasi-brittle materials. According to this theoretical approach, the
microstructural-size (related to the volumetric content of fibres in fibre-reinforced concrete), the crack-size, and
the size-scale effects on the Paris’ law and the Wöhler equation are presented within a unified mathematical
framework. Relevant experimental results taken from the literature are used to confirm the theoretical trends
and to determine the values of the incomplete self-similarity exponents. All these information are expected to
be useful for the design of experiments, since the role of the different dimensionless numbers governing the
phenomenon of fatigue is herein elucidated
Gli spazi per i paggi nelle residenze. Il caso del Palazzo Reale di Torino e di Venaria Reale
No full textQuando Benedetto Alfieri progetta la grande Cavallerizza per il complesso di scuderie del Palazzo Reale in Torino, i Paggi sono ancora alloggiati nelle maniche dell’Accademia, sin dal XVII secolo. Ma i disegni di presentazione del complesso, eseguiti nel secondo Settecento, presentano una soluzione diversa, con le stanze dei Paggi poste al di sopra del grande vano del maneggio. Questa soluzione è forse dovuta a quanto Alfieri sperimenta a Venaria Reale nel 1750, quando prende in mano le redini del grande incompiuto e ne dirige la “messa a regime”. Grazie ai manufatti realizzati da Filippo Juvarra a partire dal 1726, ovvero la Grande Scuderia e la Citroniera affiancate, si erano resi disponibili enormi spazi fra l’estradosso delle volte e la copertura. Nel 1750, un anno prima che Alfieri dia il via alla nuova manica che ospiterà l’appartamento del duca di Savoia e che – grazie al rondò – costituirà la grande cerniera dove il percorso di collegamento interno ruota da est verso sud – vengono disposte circa 22.000 lire per la realizzazione di una “abitazione per i paggi d’onore”. I lavori vengono affidati alla fine di aprile 1750 all’impresario Cesare Castelli. La cosiddetta “abitazione” è di dimensioni colossali, occupando tutta la lunghezza dello spazio sopra la Citroniera (circa 150 m) e parte della testata est di quello sopra la Grande Scuderia. I rilievi del 1765 circa e le liste delle funzioni del 1775-76 ci informano in dettaglio sulla distribuzione. I disegni contenuti nell’album di rilievi di Venaria Reale redatto per essere inviato a Napoli nel 1785 forniscono la sezione longitudinale degli spazi. I paggi dispongono di 24 ambienti, tutti affacciati verso sud, preceduti dall’appartamento dei Governatori e fronteggiati, a nord, dalle stanze dei servitori. Il cuore della manica, però, è occupato da un grande salone per gli esercizi di danza e di scherma, esposto a sud. Nella testata verso il borgo gli spazi della vita quotidiana: cucina, dispensa, sala da pranzo e abitazione del Mastro della Casa
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