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“Like a virgin”: Absence of rheumatoid arthritis and treponematosis, good sanitation and only rare gout in Italy prior to the 15th century
No full textOrigin of disease has special interest for rheumatologists, for whom absence of etiologic information generally mandates empirical approaches. Hypotheses have been offered that rheumatoid arthritis and syphilis were New World diseases, only transmitted to the Old World subsequent to the passages of Christopher Columbus (1-7). The pertinent search is for polyarticular erosive disease, sparing axial joints (8-10) and for oligostotic or polyostotic periosteal reaction (3, 4). The phenomenon of interest is not the focal periosteal reaction that occurs secondary to trauma (9, 10), but rather the more diffuse reaction indicative of pres- “Like a virgin”: Absence of rheumatoid arthritis and treponematosis, good sanitation and only rare gout in Italy prior to the 15th century “Come una vergine”: in Italia, niente artrite reumatoide o sifilide, solo poca gotta, e buona sanità prima del XV secolo BM. Rothschild1, A. Coppa2, PP. Petrone3 1Arthritis Center of Northeast Ohio, Youngstown, OH; Department of Internal Medicine, Northeast Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH; Department of Earth Sciences, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA; 2Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Sede di Antropologia, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma; 3Museo di Antropologia, Centro Musei di Scienze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli RUBRICA LA REUMATOLOGIA NELLA LETTERATURA… Reumatismo, 2004; 56(1):61-66 Reumatismo, 2004; 56(1):61-66 RIASSUNTO Obiettivi: Lo studio è stato condotto con lo scopo di compiere alcune valutazioni e di verificare, anche indirettamente, una serie di ipotesi: 1. che l’artrite reumatoide e la sifilide siano malattie originate nelle Americhe e che siano state trasmesse nel Vecchio Continente successivamente ai viaggi di Cristoforo Colombo; 2. che l’intossicazione da piombo, causa di iperuricemia e quindi di gotta, fosse frequente ai tempi dell’antica Roma; 3. valutare lo stato di salute pubblica in Italia prima del XV secolo, attraverso la stima della prevalenza delle spondiloartriti; 4. valutare la frequenza dei traumi ossei nell’Italia antica, grazie all’analisi dei fenomeni di reazione periosteale focale. Metodi: Gli scheletri provenienti da diversi siti archeologici di epoca diversa (età del bronzo/peste del 1485-86) sono stati esaminati macroscopicamente per documentare segni di reazione periosteale focale e caratteristiche peculiari di artrite reumatoide, gotta, spondiloartriti e treponematosi ossea. Risultati: L’esame di 688 campioni ha rivelato una bassa frequenza di reazione periosteale con distribuzione focale (perlomeno nel periodo compreso fra 3400-700 anni fa), con una brusca impennata nel XV secolo. Una reazione periosteale di tipo diffuso è stata messa in evidenza solo in singoli soggetti con un quadro isolato di osteoartropatia ipertrofica. Le erosioni ossee sono risultate poco frequenti e sempre con distribuzione oligo-articolare. Non si sono osservate erosioni marginali, a parte un unico caso, a livello metatarsale, con le caratteristiche tipiche della gotta. Erosioni subcondrali, fusione di articolazioni periferiche e coinvolgimento dello scheletro assiale suggestive di spondiloartrite sono state rilevate nell’1-3% dei campioni esaminati, indipendemente dalla datazione del sito archeologico. Conclusioni: L’Italia, prima di Cristoforo Colombo, si presentava “come una vergine”. Malattie come artrite reumatoide ed infezioni da treponema (in particolare sifilide) non sarebbero state presenti, fornendo così un’ulteriore prova che si tratta di forme morbose originarie delle Americhe. Segni di reazione periosteale dovuta a traumi minori erano rare prima del XV secolo, ovvero ai tempi dell’epidemia di peste del 1485-86. Ciò suggerisce il ruolo potenziale di attività domestiche, piuttosto che di quelle esterne, nello sviluppo di questo particolare tipo di lesione. L’ipotesi di un ruolo dell’intossicazione da piombo come cofattore causale nel declino dell’impero romano appare poco probabile, data la rarità dei casi di gotta osservati. La frequenza di spondiloartriti è risultata ridotta rispetto a quella che si osserva su popolazioni in precarie condizioni igienico-sanitarie, lasciandoci così intuire buoni standard di salute pubblica nell’Italia di quei tempi. Indirizzo per la corrispondenza: Prof. Dr. Bruce M. Rothschild The Arthritis Center of Northeast Ohio, 5500 Market Street, Youngstown, OH 44512 e-mail: [email protected] ence of a systemic disease (e.g., treponemal or hypertrophic osteoarthropathy) (9-11). Four thousand years of Italian cemeteries provide fertile ground to assess those hypotheses
Aspetti paleodemografici in campioni di popolazione adulta dell'Italia Centrale durante l'Età del Ferro.
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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