1,720,961 research outputs found
Resilienza urbana ai disastri. Il ruolo del patrimonio costruito. Urban disaster resilience. The role of the built heritage
No full textIl concetto di Resilienza, inizialmente introdotto nella letteratura scientifica in ambito ecologico come un modo per comprendere le dinamiche non lineari osservate negli ecosistemi, si è evoluto seguendo percorsi generalmente indipendenti in varie discipline ed è ad oggi strettamente legato al Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).
L’impatto di disastri naturali e tecnologici risulta potenzialmente maggiore sulle aree urbane, dove l’elevata densità abitativa incrementa la gravità delle ripercussioni socio-economiche dovute all’interruzione dei servizi essenziali. Nel contesto delle città occorre pertanto potenziare le caratteristiche di resilienza, in modo da incrementare le capacità del sistema di assorbire i disturbi e di cambiare, riorganizzare e conservare le strutture di base ed i servizi essenziali a fronte di eventi calamitosi. Il settore delle costruzioni è tradizionalmente associato alle fasi di ricostruzione. Tuttavia, ad oggi vi è una crescente consapevolezza di come i diversi professionisti operanti sull’ambiente costruito abbiano un ruolo cruciale anche nell’anticipare, valutare e preparare la reazione e il recupero post disastro.
Il patrimonio costruito riveste infatti un ruolo sempre più importante nella definizione e nell’incremento della resilienza urbana ai disastri. In particolare, le città storiche italiane rappresentano un significativo esempio di organismo urbano capace di evolversi ed adattarsi agli eventi sismici che hanno caratterizzato la storia del paese.
Il lavoro di ricerca si concentra sulla definizione del ruolo del patrimonio costruito nella costituzione della resilienza urbana, analizzando la stretta correlazione tra tecnica costruttiva muraria, morfologia e vulnerabilità sismica del costruito storico nel sistema urbano. L’obiettivo della ricerca è quello di costruire indirizzi e strategie per integrare il concetto di resilienza urbana nella logica quotidiana della gestione del territorio, che ormai deve affrontare le tematiche di rischio e sicurezza come dato di input fondamentale, superando i limiti degli specialismi chiamati in causa a fronte di danni ormai manifesti.
In particolare, l’approccio proposto è mirato ad integrare la fase di pianificazione preventiva, dimostrando che è possibile avviare ex-ante opportuni processi di conoscenza e analisi sull’ambiente costruito, utili a fronteggiare quello che viene definito “rischio residuale” e ad indirizzare le scelte decisionali e progettuali dei professionisti coinvolti nella ricostruzione post-disastro.
Dall’analisi delle ricostruzioni dell’ultimo secolo in Italia e dei piani di ricostruzione finora elaborati è possibile identificare alcuni elementi fondamentali che costituiscono una base conoscitiva condivisa su cui strutturare la pianificazione preventiva.
L’insediamento urbano è vulnerabile in quanto sistema, pertanto vi è bisogno di un approccio multiscalare per definire strategie e indirizzi da seguire nelle fasi denominate convenzionalmente prevenzione e ricostruzione. Da questo punto di vista, pianificare include stabilire un ordine di priorità col quale si svolgeranno le attività. Attraverso l’analisi su casi studio di centri storici italiani, la metodologia proposta individua strategie di preparazione alla crisi mettendo a sistema il dato materiale del costruito (analisi di vulnerabilità, caratteri del costruito e fasi evolutive degli aggregati), con analisi di tipo urbanistico/sistemico, attraverso un approccio matriciale volto all’individuazione di priorità di intervento nella città storica. I casi studio scelti sono le città storiche di Rieti (Lazio) e San Gemini (TR – Umbria, entrambe collocate in una zona con pericolosità sismica medio alta (zona 2) e rappresentative di una percentuale significativa dei comuni italiani in quanto a dimensione e popolazione insediata.
I risultati della ricerca evidenziano come i caratteri morfologici dei tessuti urbani ed i caratteri di aggregazione assumano una rilevanza sulle prestazioni del costruito, e come in un’ottica di gestione del territorio tali apporti vadano approfonditi ed integrati nelle attuali valutazioni della vulnerabilità sismica. L’analisi sul dato materiale del patrimonio costruito ha permesso di evidenziare e comprendere il rapporto esistente tra le modificazioni avvenute sull’edificato e la relativa vulnerabilità sismica, contribuendo ad accrescere la conoscenza della configurazione attuale della città storica. Inoltre, la verifica tramite modellazione meccanica con il software 3Muri di due parametri osservazionali e tipologici della valutazione speditiva utilizzata nell’analisi di vulnerabilità, ha permesso la validazione e la descrizione quantitativa degli apporti geometrici sugli aggregati storici.
Più generale il lavoro di ricerca mira a contribuire all’implementazione di un corpo di conoscenza relativo al comportamento del costruito in aggregato delle città storiche, che rappresenti una base scientifica su cui fondare principi e linee guida di intervento per il miglioramento delle performance del costruito esistente, ponendosi nell’ottica, di una ragionata modalità di azione sull’edificato in aggregato che non può interessarsi solo del singolo intervento edilizio prescindendo dal contesto costruito in cui si inserisce.The concept of Resilience, initially introduced in the scientific literature in the context of ecology as a way to understand the nonlinear dynamics observed in ecosystems, has evolved following independent paths in various disciplines and is today closely related to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).
The impact of natural and technological disasters is potentially greater in urban areas, where the high population density increases the seriousness of the socio-economic consequences due to the interruption of essential services. In the city context it is therefore necessary to strengthen the resilience characteristics, in order to increase the system capacity to absorb disturbance and change, reorganize and preserve basic structures and essential services to cope with natural disasters. The construction industry is traditionally associated with the reconstruction phase. However, today there is a growing awareness of how different professionals of the built environment play a crucial role in anticipating, evaluating and preparing response and post-disaster recovery.The built heritage holds in fact an increasingly important role in defining and increasing the urban disasters resilience. In particular, the historical Italian cities are a significant example of urban organism, able to evolve and adapt to the seismic events that have characterized the history of the country.The research work focuses on defining the role of the built heritage in the constitution of urban resilience by analyzing the correlation between masonry construction technique, morphology and seismic vulnerability of historical buildings in the urban system. The goal of the research is to provide indications and strategies to integrate the concept of urban resilience in daily logic of Land Management, which nowadays must address the issues of risk and safety as a matter of fundamental input, overcoming the limits of disciplinary specialization called in to face the damage already manifest.
In particular, the proposed approach is aimed to integrate the phase of preventive planning, demonstrating that it is possible to develop ex-ante appropriate knowledge processes and analysis on the built environment, useful to face so- called “residual risk” and to address decision-making and design choices of the professionals involved in post-disaster reconstruction.From the analysis of the reconstructions processes carried out in the last century in Italy and the reconstruction plans developed so far, it is possible to identify some key elements that constitute a shared knowledge base for preventive planning.
The settlement is vulnerable as a system, so there is need for a multi-scale approach to develop strategies and guidelines for both the “prevention” and “reconstruction” phases. From this point of view, to plan entails establishing an order of priority in which activities will take place. Through the analysis of case studies of Italian historical centers, the proposed methodology identifies preparedness strategies to the crisis by systematizing analysis on the material data of the built heritage (vulnerability analysis, character of construction and evolutionary phases of the aggregates), with urban analysis, through a matrix approach aimed at identifying priorities for action in the historic city. The chosen case studies are the historic cities of Rieti (Lazio) and San Gemini (TR – Umbria), both located in an area with upper-middle seismic hazard (zone 2) and representing a significant proportion of Italian municipalities in terms of size and population.
The research results show how the morphological features of the urban fabric and the aggregation characteristics assume significant influence on the performance of the built heritage, and how these contributions must be deepened and integrated into the current evaluation of seismic vulnerability, with a view to Land Management. The analysis on the data of the built heritage material has allowed to highlight and understand the relationship between the changes that took place on the built environment and the relative seismic vulnerability, increasing the knowledge of the current configuration of the historic city. In addition, the simulations performed with the mechanical model 3Muri, allowed the validation of two observational and typological parameters of the expeditious assessment tool used in the analysis of vulnerability. The results confirmed the relevance of geometric features of the historical aggregates on the seismic behavior.
Overall, the research work aims to contribute to the implementation of the body of knowledge on the behavior of aggregated construction of the historic cities, representing a scientific basis to support the principles and guidelines of intervention for improving the performance of existing buildings, aware that action on built heritage cannot operate only on individual buildings out of their own context.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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