1,721,021 research outputs found
I foraggi nella zootecnia biologica
No full textIn organic farming systems forages play a fundamental role, either in crops rotation for soil fertility preservation, either in livestock feeding. In particular for ruminants, which diets forages must represents at least 60% of d.m., forage availability, quality and feeding techniques largely influence animals yield, as well as their health status and products quality. Botanical composition (leguminous, grass, weeds), use of fertilisers, stage of maturity and conservation techniques largely influence forage quality. Cattle, in particular dairy cows, diets should be supplied with mineral and vitamin supplements to get out of their forage inadequate or variable contents. Despite grazing is considered essential to livestock in organic farming, economical reasons as well as pedological and climatic characteristics of many Italian area will probably limits its possibility to become a major technique of forage utilisation but, where put into practice, to be efficient grazing management needs high professional skills. Harvesting and conservation have to be properly managed in order to obtain forages with high nutrients contents and to prevent fungal and microbial deterioration. Ensiling can help in avoiding some negative aspects of haymaking and limits to silage use in livestock feeding should be reconsidered.
Knowledge in animal science has been largely improved during the past decades, but it mainly focused on intensive livestock breeding systems. Despite this, organic farming systems must not reject this patrimony but, on the contrary, they strongly need this knowledge to develop ecologically sustainable, economically feasible and socially acceptable production systems
Produzione e qualità del latte ottenuto secondo il metodo biologico
No full textThe aim of this paper is to review the effects of switching from conventional to organic farming system on cow milk yield and quality. An analysis of the limitations of the actual regulation about organic farming and of their relationships with milk production is carried out with details on the effects of breed, forage production and animal health. Moreover the results of some scientific studies that compared conventional and organic milk are presented. The examined researches do not reveal any clear and systematic difference between conventional and organic milk in terms of nutritional, hygienic, sensorial and technological properties. This is a consequence of the strong variability among production methods and management levels within the two systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
La risposta immunitaria innata nei prestomaci del bovino è mediata da recettori toll like, citochine e leucociti infiltranti
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Evaluation of innate immune responses in bovine forestomachs
No full textPrevious studies had indicated an active role of bovine forestomachs in the response to digestive disorders as well as to inflammatory and infectious processes in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and elsewhere. We investigated the potential of bovine forestomachs to receive, amplify and produce mediators of the innate immune response. Indeed, we detected the expression of TIR8 and other receptors and cytokines of the innate immune response, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10 and Caspase-1 in the forestomach walls of healthy cows. Their presence suggests an active role of forestomachs in inflammatory disorders of the GI tract and other body compartments. We confirmed and further characterized the presence of leukocytes and cytokines in the rumen fluids. In particular, T and B lymphocytes and myeloid lineage cells were detected in the ruminal content of both rumen-fistulated heifers and diseased cows. Also, leukocyte infiltration was modulated by feeding disorders: an acidogenic diet based on daily supplements of maize was shown to inhibit leukocyte accumulation, as opposed to a control, hay-based diet, with or without a soy flour (protein) supplement. A survey of 11 dairy farms indicated that low-stress diets and management were correlated with low levels of CD45 gene expression and B cell infiltration in rumen fluids, such as in the “control farm”. In other farms, the rumen fluids of dairy cows showed increased levels of CD45 gene expression and numbers of leukocytes of different lineages (B-cells, T-cells, myeloid cells). This latter pattern of infiltration was correlated with an increased prevalence of inflammatory markers (positive and negative acute phase responses). On the whole, our results indicate that bovine forestomachs can receive and amplify signals for the immune cells infiltrating the rumen content and oral lymphoid tissues. Owing to the above, the examination of the rumen fluid could be a novel and useful diagnostic tool to support the clinical inspections of cattle herds
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