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Reconstructing individual responses to direct questions: a new method for reconstructing malingered responses
No full textIntroduction: The false consensus effect consists of an overestimation of how
common a subject opinion is among other people. This research demonstrates
that individual endorsement of questions may be predicted by estimating peers’
responses to the same question. Moreover, we aim to demonstrate how this
prediction can be used to reconstruct the individual’s response to a single item as
well as the overall response to all of the items, making the technique suitable and
effective for malingering detection.
Method: We have validated the procedure of reconstructing individual responses
from peers’ estimation in two separate studies, one addressing anxiety-related
questions and the other to the Dark Triad. The questionnaires, adapted to our
scopes, were submitted to the groups of participants for a total of 187 subjects
across both studies. Machine learning models were used to estimate the results.
Results: According to the results, individual responses to a single question
requiring a “yes” or “no” response are predicted with 70–80% accuracy. The
overall participant-predicted score on all questions (total test score) is predicted
with a correlation of 0.7–0.77 with actual results.
Discussion: The application of the false consensus effect format is a promising
procedure for reconstructing truthful responses in forensic settings when the
respondent is highly likely to alter his true (genuine) response and true responses
to the tests are missing
An Essay on the Emergence of Non-pathological Aggressive-like Behaviors in the Context of Social Interactions
No full textAggressivity is a type of widespread behavior in our society,
yet its outcomes are everything but desirable. If evolutionary,
being aggressive might have given some clear advantages to
one to prevail (e.g., seizing resources, better mating options);
nowadays, aggressive behavior held none of those advan-
tages, being a form of prevarication where the ultimate goal
is to harm another individual, either physically, emotionally,
morally or materially. Why, then, is aggressive behavior still
persistent despite the rise of cooperative societies? In this
doctoral Thesis, with the aid of three controlled experiments
and the expertise of Behavioral Economics and Neuroscience,
I aim to shed more light on non-pathological aggressiveness,
its genetic underpinnings, and cognitive mechanisms. Specif-
ically, we found that some genetic variants of dopamine and
serotonin are highly connected with actions and beliefs re-
garding cooperation and punishment, where having a par-
ticular variant makes one more prone to act and think pes-
simistically toward the behaviors of others or to free-ride more.
In another experiment, we demonstrate that extreme exertion
of self-control makes it more probable to behave aggressively
in a subsequent social situation. Frontal areas dedicated to
impulse control regulation are, in fact, extremely vulnerable
to functional fatigue, showing signs of local sleep. In this neu-
ronal phenomenon, groups of neurons fire at frequencies typ-
ical of sleep states instead of the ones of wake. Our exper-
iment associated the prolonged exertion of self-control with
the emergence of delta waves in frontal areas dedicated to
impulse and emotion regulation and subsequent aggressive
choices in a series of proxied social situations
Dopaminergic and serotonergic genetic variants predict actions and expectations of cooperation and punishment
No full textGenetic variants in dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways have been linked to individual differences in social behavior. In this study, we investigated the relationship between eight allelic variants within these pathways and both behavior and beliefs in 99 participants playing an online Public Goods Game (PGG) with and without punishment. Our results show that individuals with the 5-HTTLPR L/L genotype contributed less and had lower expectations of others’ contributions in the absence of punishment; the 5-HTR1B-rs13212041 T/T genotype was associated with lower expectations of antisocial and spiteful punishment; the COMT-rs4680 A/A (Met/Met) genotype was linked to lower expectations of contributions in the presence of punishment. These findings suggest that specific alleles modulate both cooperative behavior and social expectations, suggesting a genetic contribution to individual variability in responses to social dilemmas
Dopaminergic therapy disrupts decision‐making in impulsive‐compulsive Parkinsonian patients
No full textImpulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICB) are common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) often associated with dopaminergic drugs (DD) therapy. We investigated the acute effects of DD on decision-making in PD patients with ICB (ICB+) and without it (ICB−), and in healthy controls (HC). Participants performed a risk-based decision-making task twice, with PD patients tested before (DD OFF) and after (DD ON) DD intake. In DD OFF, all groups developed a risk-averting strategy. In DD ON, ICB+ patients (but not ICB− nor HC) reverted to riskier choices. We conclude that DD has a specific strong acute effect on ICB+ patients' decision-making
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Reconstructing individual responses to direct questions: a new method for reconstructing malingered responses
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