1,720,975 research outputs found
Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
No full textBetty, Emma L, Stockin, Karen A, Hinton, Bethany, Bollard, Barbara A, Orams, Mark B, Murphy, Sinéad (2023): Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii). Journal of Mammalogy 104 (1): 39-48, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac085, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyac08
Fig. 1 in Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
No full textFig. 1.—Age distribution of female (n = 227), male (n = 154), and unknown sex (n = 3) long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass-stranded on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017.Published as part of Betty, Emma L, Stockin, Karen A, Hinton, Bethany, Bollard, Barbara A, Orams, Mark B & Murphy, Sinéad, 2023, Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii), pp. 39-48 in Journal of Mammalogy 104 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac085, http://zenodo.org/record/783260
Fig. 2 in Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii)
No full textFig. 2.—Age-specific survivorship (lx) for male and female longfinned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass-stranded on the New Zealand coast between 2006 and 2017. Points are based on traditional life table calculations (lx) and smoothed curves were fitted using the Siler model (Siler lx). Age-class = age x to x + 1.Published as part of Betty, Emma L, Stockin, Karen A, Hinton, Bethany, Bollard, Barbara A, Orams, Mark B & Murphy, Sinéad, 2023, Age- and sex-specific survivorship of the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii), pp. 39-48 in Journal of Mammalogy 104 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac085, http://zenodo.org/record/783260
Marine Tourism as a Supplemental Livelihood: An Exploration of Remote Fisheries-Based Communities in the Philippines
No full textRemote artisanal fishing communities in the developing world remain highly dependent on declining marine resources. Despite this, many internationally funded fisheries development projects seek to increase catch rates and commercialise artisanal fisheries as part of livelihood development projects. Such an approach tends to increase pressure on local fisheries and contribute to further declines in fish stocks. In order to mitigate this negative outcome, the integration of a supplemental livelihood such as marine tourism has been suggested. This approach is based on the assumption that participation in the tourism sector has the potential to benefit both the resource and those dependent on the resource. This research investigated the perspectives and knowledge of members of three remote fishing communities in two areas of the northern region of Luzon, Philippines. This exploratory qualitative project utilised phenomenological inquiry as the main research instrument. Perception-based data that focused on livelihood satisfaction, perceptions of the current state of marine resources, tourism awareness and willingness to engage in tourism as a livelihood diversification were collected from 42 fisherfolk via face to face interviews. Additional information was gathered from five key informants that represented key stakeholders, including local and foreign tour operators, NGOs, international aid agencies and fisheries management at the government level. More specifically, key informants were asked to identify costs and benefits of tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy as well as provide examples of its application.
This research revealed that the fisherfolk participants were generally satisfied with their current livelihoods and, therefore, did not express a desire to shift livelihoods. This sentiment appears to be a result of currently being able to 'make ends meet', albeit through resource overexploitation and the use of illegal fishing methods. Further, key findings, primarily the gross under awareness of tourism within remote artisanal fishing communities, suggested that the current approach to tourism development requires modification. However, the high social value associated with the idea of receiving visitors by fisherfolk enforced the viability of tourism as a diversification strategy. Most importantly, the data from two key informants documented two potential successful surf-riding tourism development projects from the private sector that have worked to engage fisherfolk in the tourism sector. Elements from these modes were combined to suggest a contributory tourism development model based on social entrepreneurship and resource conservation components. This new model proposes the privatisation of livelihood diversification through small-scale tourism development in the context of fisheries. In light of the suggested privatisation, it is further recommended that direct conservation and enforcement of the resource be prioritised with the resulting unobligated funds from international aid efforts. The application of the suggested model aims to significantly reduce the current development project timelines and budgets, provide growth in the private sector through social entrepreneurship, provide accessible diversification opportunities for fisherfolk and provide a conservation strategy for the natural resources, and thus, provide long-term protection for the dependent communities
Marine tourism as a supplemental livelihood: an exploration of remote fisheries-based communities in the Philippines
No full textRemote artisanal fishing communities in the developing world remain highly dependent on declining marine resources. Despite this, many internationally funded fisheries development projects seek to increase catch rates and commercialise artisanal fisheries as part of livelihood development projects. Such an approach tends to increase pressure on local fisheries and contribute to further declines in fish stocks. In order to mitigate this negative outcome, the integration of a supplemental livelihood such as marine tourism has been suggested. This approach is based on the assumption that participation in the tourism sector has the potential to benefit both the resource and those dependent on the resource. This research investigated the perspectives and knowledge of members of three remote fishing communities in two areas of the northern region of Luzon, Philippines. This exploratory qualitative project utilised phenomenological inquiry as the main research instrument. Perception-based data that focused on livelihood satisfaction, perceptions of the current state of marine resources, tourism awareness and willingness to engage in tourism as a livelihood diversification were collected from 42 fisherfolk via face to face interviews. Additional information was gathered from five key informants that represented key stakeholders, including local and foreign tour operators, NGOs, international aid agencies and fisheries management at the government level. More specifically, key informants were asked to identify costs and benefits of tourism as a livelihood diversification strategy as well as provide examples of its application.
This research revealed that the fisherfolk participants were generally satisfied with their current livelihoods and, therefore, did not express a desire to shift livelihoods. This sentiment appears to be a result of currently being able to 'make ends meet', albeit through resource overexploitation and the use of illegal fishing methods. Further, key findings, primarily the gross under awareness of tourism within remote artisanal fishing communities, suggested that the current approach to tourism development requires modification. However, the high social value associated with the idea of receiving visitors by fisherfolk enforced the viability of tourism as a diversification strategy. Most importantly, the data from two key informants documented two potential successful surf-riding tourism development projects from the private sector that have worked to engage fisherfolk in the tourism sector. Elements from these modes were combined to suggest a contributory tourism development model based on social entrepreneurship and resource conservation components. This new model proposes the privatisation of livelihood diversification through small-scale tourism development in the context of fisheries. In light of the suggested privatisation, it is further recommended that direct conservation and enforcement of the resource be prioritised with the resulting unobligated funds from international aid efforts. The application of the suggested model aims to significantly reduce the current development project timelines and budgets, provide growth in the private sector through social entrepreneurship, provide accessible diversification opportunities for fisherfolk and provide a conservation strategy for the natural resources, and thus, provide long-term protection for the dependent communities
Assessing the Effects of Whale-based Tourism in Vava’u, Kingdom of Tonga: Behavioural Responses of Humpback Whales to Vessel and Swimmer Approaches
No full textVava’u, Kingdom of Tonga, is a well-established whale-watching destination in the South Pacific. Between July and October, the waters around the archipelago represent one of the major breeding grounds for Oceania humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The Tongan government allows in-water interactions with whales and tour operators strongly promote the practice of swimming with whales, targeting mother-calf pairs in particular. However, there is increasing evidence, derived from empirical research on swim-with-cetaceans tourism, that this kind of interaction affects cetacean behaviour and can have negative effects on the cetaceans involved. This study represents the first empirical assessment of humpback whales’ behavioural responses to the approach of vessels and swimmers in Vava’u. A large part of the data collection has been conducted using a lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to observe interactions from an aerial perspective. Fifty-six surveys took place during the 2016 and 2017 whale breeding seasons aboard dedicated research and swim-with-whales vessels. Specifically, data collected included whales’ dive time, number of reorientation events, and respiration rates in the absence and in the presence of boats and swimmers. Additionally, aerial videos of whales’ behaviour and interactions with swimmers were recorded with the use of a Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAV flown at 30 metres altitude. Vessel approach type and swimmer distance to whales were also noted.
The comparison between UAV data collection methods and standard boat-based observation highlights how the aerial perspective provided by the UAV allows for a more precise assessment of whales’ behavioural state. In particular, important intraspecific interactions, such as nurturing and socialising, were detected more frequently and accurately via UAV than by boat-based observations. Furthermore, the data collected showed no signs of behavioural responses from the whales to the UAV flying at an altitude of 30 metres.
With regard to whales’ responses to vessels and swimmers, results indicate that the proportion of time spent diving in the presence of in-water tourism activities increased significantly for mother-calf pairs. While the average mother dive time increased three-fold in presence of swimmers, the calf dive time did not differ from control data when there were no swimmers in the water. That is, calves spent a significantly higher proportion of time at the surface than their mothers during in-water tourism activities. The data also indicated that calves significantly reduced their number of respirations. Avoidance responses and significant changes in time spent in different behavioural states were recorded as a response to the vessels and swimmers. For instance, mother-calf pairs had a decreased proportion of time spent nurturing while the time spent travelling increased when approached by swimmers. Other observations of the whales included an increase of agonistic behaviours directed towards swimmers, putting swimmers at risk of injury. Finally, extremely low levels of compliance to existing Tongan swim-with-whales regulations were documented. That is, the minimum resting period between interactions was frequently disregarded and consecutive swims from different tour operators (also referred to as queueing) was regularly observed. These findings should be carefully considered by Tongan stakeholders¬ and other governments of countries that allow in-water interactions between tourists and whales. Measures to reduce the risk of negative impacts on the targeted cetaceans, and the potential for life-threatening injuries to tourists, should be implemented
Assessing the Effects of Whale-based Tourism in Vava’u, Kingdom of Tonga: Behavioural Responses of Humpback Whales to Vessel and Swimmer Approaches
No full textVava’u, Kingdom of Tonga, is a well-established whale-watching destination in the South Pacific. Between July and October, the waters around the archipelago represent one of the major breeding grounds for Oceania humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). The Tongan government allows in-water interactions with whales and tour operators strongly promote the practice of swimming with whales, targeting mother-calf pairs in particular. However, there is increasing evidence, derived from empirical research on swim-with-cetaceans tourism, that this kind of interaction affects cetacean behaviour and can have negative effects on the cetaceans involved. This study represents the first empirical assessment of humpback whales’ behavioural responses to the approach of vessels and swimmers in Vava’u. A large part of the data collection has been conducted using a lightweight Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to observe interactions from an aerial perspective. Fifty-six surveys took place during the 2016 and 2017 whale breeding seasons aboard dedicated research and swim-with-whales vessels. Specifically, data collected included whales’ dive time, number of reorientation events, and respiration rates in the absence and in the presence of boats and swimmers. Additionally, aerial videos of whales’ behaviour and interactions with swimmers were recorded with the use of a Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAV flown at 30 metres altitude. Vessel approach type and swimmer distance to whales were also noted.
The comparison between UAV data collection methods and standard boat-based observation highlights how the aerial perspective provided by the UAV allows for a more precise assessment of whales’ behavioural state. In particular, important intraspecific interactions, such as nurturing and socialising, were detected more frequently and accurately via UAV than by boat-based observations. Furthermore, the data collected showed no signs of behavioural responses from the whales to the UAV flying at an altitude of 30 metres.
With regard to whales’ responses to vessels and swimmers, results indicate that the proportion of time spent diving in the presence of in-water tourism activities increased significantly for mother-calf pairs. While the average mother dive time increased three-fold in presence of swimmers, the calf dive time did not differ from control data when there were no swimmers in the water. That is, calves spent a significantly higher proportion of time at the surface than their mothers during in-water tourism activities. The data also indicated that calves significantly reduced their number of respirations. Avoidance responses and significant changes in time spent in different behavioural states were recorded as a response to the vessels and swimmers. For instance, mother-calf pairs had a decreased proportion of time spent nurturing while the time spent travelling increased when approached by swimmers. Other observations of the whales included an increase of agonistic behaviours directed towards swimmers, putting swimmers at risk of injury. Finally, extremely low levels of compliance to existing Tongan swim-with-whales regulations were documented. That is, the minimum resting period between interactions was frequently disregarded and consecutive swims from different tour operators (also referred to as queueing) was regularly observed. These findings should be carefully considered by Tongan stakeholders¬ and other governments of countries that allow in-water interactions between tourists and whales. Measures to reduce the risk of negative impacts on the targeted cetaceans, and the potential for life-threatening injuries to tourists, should be implemented
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
- …
