1,721,015 research outputs found
Recollection reduces unitised familiarity effect
No full textTwo types of encoding tasks have been employed in previous research to investigate the beneficial effect of unitisation on familiarity-based associative recognition (unitised familiarity effect), namely the compound task and the interactive imagery task. Here we show how these two tasks could differentially engage subsequent recollection-based associative recognition and consequently lead to the turn-on or turn-off of the unitised familiarity effect. In the compound task, participants studied unrelated word pairs as newly learned compounds. In the interactive imagery task, participants studied the same word pairs as interactive images. An associative recognition task was used in combination with the Remember/Know procedure to measure recollection-based and familiarity-based associative recognition. The results showed that the unitised familiarity effect was present in the compound task but was absent in the interactive imagery task. A comparison of the compound and the interactive imagery task revealed a dramatic increase in recollection-based associative recognition for the interactive imagery task. These results suggest that unitisation could benefit familiarity-based associative recognition; however, this effect will be eliminated when the memory trace formed is easily accessed by strong recollection without the need for a familiarity [email protected]
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Effect of Attentional Regulation on Reinforcement Learning, Feedback Processing and Dopamine Signalling.
Get PDFMeditation is an ancient endeavour. Presently, besides religious practice, it forms the basis for a number of clinical and non-clinical interventions. Despite this, much is yet to be understood about the neural mechanisms underpinning it. The goal of this thesis is to develop, test and refine a theory – cortico-striatal feedback-loop theory (CSFLT) – which proposes that attentional regulation influences reinforcement learning and feedback processing via alteration of striatal dopaminergic signalling.Using behavioural, electrophysiological, and pharmacological methods, I will test two predictions from CSFLT. First, that attentional regulation practices such as focused attention meditation (FAM) or dysregulation practices such as media-multitasking (MM) will be respectively associated with positively or negatively biased reinforcement learning and feedback processing characteristics. Second, that these differences in reinforcement learning and feedback processing are respectively due to elevated or reduced tonic dopamine levels in the striatum.I will show that experienced meditators exhibit positively biased reinforcement learning, driven in large part by reduced sensitivity to negatively valenced feedback. I will also show that media multitasking is associated with slower response speed on the flanker task, and that this in turn is associated with poorer ability to learn from positively valenced feedback. I present findings from a longitudinal study of FAM where I report that FAM causes participants to improve their executive attention, and flanker response speed. The improvement in flanker response speed is also associated with an improvement in positive reinforcement learning and a more negative feedback related negativity (FRN) to positive feedback. Finally, I use the dopaminergic prodrug cocareldopa (levodopa and carbidopa) to show that tonic dopamine is not the cause of changes in reinforcement learning and feedback processing due to FAM. Rather, the findings are consistent with a mechanism that begins with enhanced striatal D1 signalling and, with increasing meditation practice, results in reduced striatal D2 sensitivity. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning FAM and also point to the possibility that FAM could be used to improve disordered reward processing
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Ablenkungen der Aufmerksamkeit beim digitalen Lesen : wie kognitive Ressourcen und (Aufgaben-)Anforderungen übereinstimmen müssen.
Get PDFVon Mind Wandering spricht man, wenn sich die Aufmerksamkeit von der eigentlichen Aufgabe hin zu aufgabenunabhängigen Gedanken verlagert. Diese Arbeit untersuchte das Zusammenspiel von Aufgabenanforderungen (Textschwierigkeit, Hyperlinkstrukturen) und individuellen Unterschieden (Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität) beim Lesen digitaler Texte. Es wurde angenommen, dass geringe kognitive Ressourcen bei hohen Aufgabenanforderungen zu einem erhöhten Erleben von Mind Wandering führt. Eine Überprüfung dessen erfolgte mittels drei durchgeführten Studien. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Lesen schwieriger digitaler Texte bei einer geringen Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität zu einem erhöhten Erleben von Mind Wandering und damit zu einer Aufmerksamkeitsverlagerung führte. Mind Wandering trat immer dann vermehrt auf, wenn die Aufgabenanforderungen die vorhandenen kognitiven Ressourcen übersteigten. In der übergreifenden Diskussion wurden aus den Ergebnissen der Studien Implikationen für die Praxis abgeleitet.Mind wandering occurs when attention shifts from the actual task to task-independent thoughts. This work investigated the interaction of task demands (text difficulty, hyperlink structures) and individual differences (working memory capacity) in reading digital texts. It was hypothesized that low cognitive resources in the presence of high task demands would lead to an increased experience of mind wandering. A verification of this was done by means of three conducted studies. The results showed that reading difficult digital texts with a low working memory capacity led to an increased experience of mind wandering and thus to an attentional shift. Mind wandering occurred more frequently whenever task demands exceeded available cognitive resources. In the overall discussion, implications for practice were derived from the results of the studies
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The impact of auditory working memory training on the fronto-parietal working memory network
No full textWorking memory training has been widely used to investigate working memory processes. We have shown previously that visual working memory benefits only from intra-modal visual but not from across-modal auditory working memory training. In the resent functional magnetic resonance imaging study we examined whether auditory working memory processes can also be trained specifically and which training-induced activation changes accompany theses effects. It was investigated whether working memory training with strongly distinct auditory materials transfers exclusively to an auditory (intra-modal) working memory task or whether it generalizes to a (across-modal) visual working memory task. We used adaptive n-back training with tonal sequences and a passive control condition. The memory training led to a reliable training gain. Transfer effects were found for the (intra-modal) auditory but not for the (across-modal) visual transfer task. Training-induced activation decreases in the auditory transfer task were found in two regions in the right inferior frontal gyrus. These effects confirm our previous findings in the visual modality and extents intra-modal effects in the prefrontal cortex to the auditory modality. As the right inferior frontal gyrus is frequently found in maintaining modality-specific auditory information, these results might reflect increased neural efficiency in auditory working memory processes. Furthermore, task-unspecific (amodal) activation decreases in the visual and auditory transfer task were found in the right inferior parietal lobule and the superior portion of the right middle frontal gyrus reflecting less demand on general attentional control processes. These data are in good agreement with amodal activation decreases within the same brain regions on a visual transfer task reported previously
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