1,721,004 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
IL-33 Controls IL-22-Dependent Antibacterial Defense by Modulating the Microbiota
Get PDFInfections of the lower respiratory tract represent the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. This study describes a mechanism that influences the course of pneumococcal pneumonia based on genetic determinants as well as environmental factors. Previous experiments have shown that animals deficient in IL-33 or its receptor ST2 exhibit an enhanced bacterial defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Initially, associations between the susceptibility to human pneumococcal pneumonia and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for IL-33 and ST2 were demonstrated. Furthermore, IL-33-deficient animals were shown to produce increased amounts of IL-22, and experiments using Il33-/- Il22-/- animals as well as recombinant IL-22 revealed that enhanced IL-22 production was responsible for the increased resistance of Il33-/- mice to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Classical type 2 immune responses driven by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) or IL-4/IL-13 signaling cascades were not involved in the IL-33-dependent regulation, while ST2-negative ILCs, most likely representing ILC3s, were identified as the main differential producers of IL-22.
Additionally, an association between bacterial defense and animal housing conditions was revealed. The IL-33-dependent negative regulation of pneumococcal pneumonia could only be reproduced in facilities with specific individual hygiene conditions. This effect was accompanied by differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota of the animals, where increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. correlated with a protective phenotype in Il33-/- mice. Finally, microbiota depletion and co-housing experiments resulted in equilibration of bacterial burden, while a fecal microbiota transplant was able to rescue the observed phenotype in microbiota-depleted animals. Taken together it was demonstrated, that the intestinal microbiota influences pneumococcal pneumonia.
The results presented in this study enhance our understanding of the bidirectional communication between microbiota and the immune system and demonstrate that genetic as well as environmental factors infl uence the defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Umfassende Charakterisierung der Makrophagenantwort auf die Infektion mit Legionella pneumophila
No full textLegionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen and a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, employs sophisticated strategies to infect and replicate in alveolar macrophages (AMs). These strategies include translocating over 300 bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol, where they manipulate various cellular pathways. However, infected cells have developed numerous strategies to detect and counteract the infection. The outcome of the host-pathogen interaction, whether it results in bacterial clearance or an extensive infection, depends on the balance between the pathogen’s virulence strategies and the host’s defense mechanisms. Several studies have investigated the host-pathogen interaction in vitro, mainly using murine and human hematopoietic cell culture systems. However, the exact mechanisms of bacterial detection by the innate immune system are incompletely explored, and little is known about how tissue-resident AMs respond to the infection.
Within the first part of this study, the role of the C-type-lectin receptor CLEC12A, which binds to L. pneumophila, in the immune response was examined. The findings from infection experiments in a murine in vivo model and in murine and human macrophages in vitro indicate that the receptor has no significant impact on the outcome of the infection with L. pneumophila. The second part of the study investigated the response of in vivo L. pneumophila-infected and uninfected bystander AMs. Transcriptome analysis revealed a robust upregulation of various proinflammatory and immunoregulatory genes in infected AMs, while uninfected bystander cells seem to be only activated towards the end of the first replication cycle of L. pneumophila (20 h post infection). Proteome analyses further indicate that several proinflammatory proteins are impaired in their translation in virulent infected AMs (e.g., IL-1β, CCL6, CCL9) and that only a limited number of proteins including IL-1⍺, ATF3, GDF15, and A20 were found to be expressed on protein level in infected AMs. Furthermore, L. pneumophila seems to affect the cholesterol homeostasis of AMs in vivo.
In conclusion, this study enables a deeper understanding of the immune response against L. pneumophila and provides a unique view of the overall cellular response in tissue-resident AMs towards the infection in vivo
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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