1,720,987 research outputs found
Deceiving the Senses:The Role of Vapours in Francis Bacon’s Natural Philosophy
Get PDFBacon’s universe is one in which matter is constantly striving to satisfy its appetites. Bodies have an antipathy to those other bodies that prevent them from satisfying their appetites, and flee from them. On the contrary, bodies are in a relation of sympathy and drawn toward those bodies that facilitate the satisfaction of their appetites. However, this relation is not always reciprocal, and this tension is the source of motion and visible phenomena in the sublunary world. As Bacon states in the first line of the preface to The History of Sympathy and Antipathy of Things, “Strife and friendship in nature are the spurs of motion and keys of works.” In a nonreciprocal relationship, bodies can satisfy their appetites only if they betray other spirits and make them believe they are “friends,” as we have seen in the example of infections. According to Bacon, in order to distinguish between “friends” and “enemies,” bodies possess a certain degree of knowledge; this deceptive knowledge is the basis on which we might call matter ingenious
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
The reception of Isaac Newton in the Scottish Enlightenment: causation, gravitation, and the transformation of natural philosophy
No full textThis dissertation presents a new account of the reception of Isaac Newton (1643–1727) in Scotland centred on his readers and the texts that engage most explicitly with his example. It argues that the catalytic influence of Newton’s physics – through, above all, his treatment of gravitation in the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) – helped to bring about a transformation in natural philosophy during the eighteenth century. Newton has long been considered a pivotal figure in the history of science and philosophy whose revolutionary approach to natural inquiry marked the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and gave inspiration to the philosophers of the Enlightenment.
Scholars have hitherto argued that the ‘Newtonian Revolution’ made early and enthusiastic converts in Scotland, where devoted ‘Newtonians’ established a new scientific orthodoxy which exerted a crucial influence on eighteenth-century Scottish philosophy. This received view is however limited by an anachronistic distinction between science and philosophy and essentialised modern readings of Newton’s contribution to knowledge, obscuring both significant differences of opinion among the so-called Newtonians and important conceptual innovation in physical science that occurred in this period. By focusing on how Newton's natural philosophy was understood by his readers and the many ways his example was drawn on by both admirers and critics, this dissertation shows how Newton’s reception animated and shaped important debates in the Scottish Enlightenment that cut across several fields. In so doing, it situates this reception in intellectual contexts that best reflect the interests and concerns of the actors under investigation, challenging the established narrative of the rise of Newtonianism in Scotland and typical conceptions of the Scottish Enlightenment. This study demonstrates how Scottish authors engaged with Newton’s example, in service to different ends and in diverse settings, to explain why he was so admired and how Scottish natural philosophy underwent profound change following the publication of the Principia.
Chapter 1 shows how Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713) and George Cheyne (1671/2–1743) drew on Newton's approach to philosophy to develop controversial reform programmes for medicine that provoked fierce debate among members of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in the 1690s and early 1700s. Chapter 2 examines how David Gregory (1659–1708) and John Keill (1671–1721) contemporaneously developed a Newtonian pedagogy at Oxford primarily designed to introduce students to Newton’s approach to explanation in physics and astronomy, emphasising its superiority over errant ancient and modern philosophical traditions. While Pitcairn and Gregory stressed Newton's causal agnosticism, Cheyne, Keill, and others soon began to characterise the law of gravitation as God’s direct action in nature. Chapter 3 highlights the importance of Newtonian natural theology and traces debates over divine agency in natural philosophy through the work of Cheyne, Andrew Baxter (1686/7–1750), and Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746), in which differences of opinion are best understood in the context of broader contemporary theological debates in Scotland. Chapter 4 shows how the understanding of Newton’s method of discovery shifted around mid-century under the influence of the ‘Science of Man’ of David Hume (1711–76) and Adam Smith (c. 1723–90) and the Common Sense philosophy of Thomas Reid (1710–96), with the power of imagination and the role of inductive inference given relatively greater weight than mathematics and deductive reasoning, leading to new theories of philosophical genius developed by Alexander Gerard (1728–1795) and William Duff (1732–1815) that took Newton as a major source. Chapter 5 argues that, following these developments, natural philosophy was redefined as a more strictly empirical enterprise, particularly in reaction to the sceptical empiricism of Hume and Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–1782) and the perceived threat of atheism and deism to which it was connected. Newton’s reputation was remade from around the 1770s, with James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (c. 1714–1799) and Edinburgh professors like John Robison (1739–1805), John Playfair (1748–1819), and Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) viewing him not as having revealed divine action in nature but as having established ‘facts’ or natural laws that did not, strictly speaking, describe actual physical processes. Though there were disagreements about the precise nature of Newton’s own philosophical practice, his example shaped a new vision of natural philosophy established around the turn of the nineteenth century at Edinburgh by Robison, Playfair, Stewart, and others. This new ideal fed in to influential biographies of Newton written by an Edinburgh alumnus, David Brewster (1781–1868), and did much to shape the identity of the nascent natural sciences in Britain in the early nineteenth century
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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