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UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY COMPETITIVENESS OF COCOA VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
No full textCocoa contributes immensely to Nigeria’s export earnings but it has low domestic value addition. In order to improve this, there is a need to ascertain the competitiveness along cocoa value chain. However, there’s a dearth of information on the competitiveness at each stage of cocoa value chain. The competitiveness of cocoa along the value chain in Southern Nigeria was therefore investigated.
Using three-stage sampling procedure, six cocoa producing Local Government Areas (LGAs) were purposively selected from Oyo, Ondo and Cross River states in Southern Nigeria using two LGAs per state. In each LGA, two cocoa producing communities were randomly selected. A total of 250 cocoa farmers and 102 cocoa marketers were randomly selected from the twelve communities proportionate to the number of cocoa farmers and cocoa marketers in each community. Fifty-four cocoa processors were randomly selected from the study area. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the participants’ socio-economic characteristics, input and output prices at each stage (production, marketing and processing) of cocoa value chain. At production stage, there are Sharecropped Farmers (SF), Self-Owned Farmers (SOF) and Leased/Rented Farmers (LRF); at marketing stage, there are exporters, Licensed Buying Agents (LiBA) and Local Buying Agents (LoBA), while at processing stage there are Cocoa Butter Processors (CBP), Cocoa Powder Processors (CPP) and Black Soap Processors (BSP). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, policy analysis matrix and partial equilibrium analysis at α0.05.
The working experience of cocoa producers, cocoa marketers and cocoa processors were 23.5±14.1, 18.3±8.3 and 9.2±9.2 years, respectively. At the production stage, SF, SOF and LRF had Private Profit (PP) of ₦468 729.76/ha, ₦397 465.03/ha and ₦331 465.03/ha, respectively while Private Cost Ratio (PCR) were 0.22, 0.24 and 0.25, respectively. The SF, SOF and LRF had Social Profit (SP) of ₦792 038.37, ₦536 178.10 and ₦468 729.76, respectively. Also, SF, SOF and LRF had Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) of 0.75, 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. At the marketing stage, exporters, LiBA and LoBA had PP and PCR of ₦43 018.01/tonne, ₦36 104.98/tonne, ₦24 279.81/tonne and 0.18, 0.27, 0.40, respectively. Exporters had the highest SP of ₦51 159.04/tonne while exporters, LiBA and LoBA had NPC of 0.98, 0.94 and 0.90, respectively. At the processing stage, CBP, CPP and BSP had PP and PCR of ₦730 229.77/tonne, ₦309 708.13/tonne, ₦92 262.26/tonne and 0.02, 0.05 and 0.27, respectively. The CBP had the highest SP of ₦814 273.32/tonne and lowest Domestic Resource Cost of 0.02. The NPC of 0.95, 0.94 and 0.79 for CBP,
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN LIBRARY
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CPP and BSP, respectively showed lack of fiscal policies’ protection on cocoa processing. Welfare loss of producers was ₦429 432.36/tonne, while consumers’ gain was ₦123 492.22/tonne in the value chain.
Competitiveness and comparative advantage along the stages of cocoa value chain exist in Southern Nigeria. The most competitive stage is cocoa processing. Cocoa production, marketing and processing were profitable to cocoa stakeholders in the study area. It is recommended that input use efficiency technologies should be introduced to maintain the competitiveness along the entire cocoa value chain.
Keywords: Cocoa value chain, Social cost benefit, Comparative advantage, Effective protection
coefficient.
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Structure and labor use pattern among cocoa farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria
Get PDFHuman labour is about the only main source of labour available to smallholder farmers in Nigeria. Smallholder farmers contribute over 85% of domestic agricultural output in Nigeria, hence, human labour accounts for the domestic food supply in Nigeria. Therefore, the need to continue supplying food for the ever-growing Nigerian population anchors on human labour productivity. In Nigerian agriculture, hired labour is predominantly used. Human labour plays a very significant role in agricultural development, especially in developing countries where technological development is still very low. In view of the importance of labour in agricultural production, this study was designed to investigate the structure and use pattern of farm labour in the study area. The study was carried out in Ondo state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 160 farmers. After sorting for missing data, 144 cocoa farmers’ data were used for analysis in this study. Seventy-five percent of the total
respondents were above 50 years of age and about 25.01% of the total respondents were 50 years and below. The majority (79.17%) of the farmers were men. Also, 75.07% of the respondents had a formal level of education. In the study contract type of labour is majorly used for most activities in cocoa farming while cooperative labour was seldom used. Activities such as land clearing (75.0%), planting (83.32%), weeding (95.83%), application of chemicals (91.67%), removal of mistletoes (87.50%), harvesting of cocoa pods (87.50%), conveyance of cocoa pods to the pod breaking point (95.83%), breaking of cocoa pods (100%) and conveyance of cocoa beans to the point of fermentation (88.33%) were majorly carried out by contract labour. Male labour was mostly utilized for all the activities as indicated by most farmers. Female labour was sparingly utilized for some activities such as land clearing (8.33%), planting (0%), application of chemicals (8.33%), spraying of chemicals (4.17%), removal of mistletoes (0%) and harvesting of cocoa pods (12.5%). The study recommended that funds should be made available to farmers to engage in contract labour and also there should be the need to use equipment and machinery to reduce drudgery
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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