2 research outputs found
Growth Medium and Soil Amendment Influence on Seedling Growth Responses of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)
No full textAfrican Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) classified as a forest food tree with economic potentials requires domestication attention for improved productivity. A study conducted in Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2017 using one year old C. albidum seedlings determined the plant’s growth responses when cultivated using different growth medium and soil amendment methods. The 3 x 9 factorial experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at three replications. Three textural soil types (sandy, loamy and clayey soils) were evaluated using nine soil amendment methods (5, 10, 15t/ha poultry manure (PM) and 150, 250 and 500kg/ha NPK, and integrated amendment methods using 5t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPK and 10t/ha PM+150kg/ha NPK), and the un-amended plot as control. The results showed that plants in loamy and clayey soils had more leaves compared to those in sandy soil only at 74WAS. C. albidum had most numerous leaves with 150 kg/ha, taller plant and wider canopy with 250 kg/ha, and thicker girth with all NPK rates compared to control, manure rates and integrated fertilizers. The plants with loamy soil had highest CPC, Ash C, FC, starch and sugar. Plants with inorganic fertilizers and integrated fertilizers had higher FW and DW compared to manure rates. The 5 t/ha manure rate and the 250 kg/ha NPK produced plants with high sugar content and were lowest in starch content compared to other applied rates. In conclusion, C. albidum from juvenile to vegetative stage with proper management can be grown on the different soil types while the 150 kg/ha NPK fertilizer rate appeared as optimum for the plant growth
Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve soil chemical properties, growth and symbiotic N2 -fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars under field condition with low phosphorus availability
No full textAArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-30 | Accepted: 2020-06-16 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.182-191 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in nutrition of most plants as well improving soil fertility. The present study investigated the effects of different AMF isolates (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) and control on soil chemical properties, growth and nitrogen (N2 ) fixation in two soybean cultivars (TGx 1448-2E and TGx 1440-1E) in phosphorus (P)-deficient soil. The study was laid in split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed increased root colonization (up to 76%) with AMF inoculation compared to uninoculated control. The inoculation of the AMF isolates enhanced the growth parameters, nodulation and dry weights, which resulted in increased number of pods, 100-seed weight and seed yield. More pronounced effects were observed with F. mosseae and R. intraradices inoculation compared to C. etunicatum. In addition, similar trend was observed for P and N content in the plants as well the N2 fixation activities, which resulted in increased total N fixed in both cultivars (up to 27.9 and 27.4 kg ha-1 respectively). After harvest, the results showed improved soil fertility in terms of soil N, available P, soil pH, organic carbon as well as exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) with AMF inoculation. TGx 1448-2E inoculated with F. mosseae gave the highest seed yield (1,773 kg ha-1). The findings from this study suggest that R. intraradices or F. mosseae could be used to enhance N2 -fixation, soil fertility and productivity of soybean in phosphorus-deficient soils.Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil phosphorus, relative ureide abundance, soil fertility, soybean productivityReferences ADEYEMI, N. O. et al. (2020). Effect of commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculant on growth and yield of soybean under controlled and natural field conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(4), 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.20 19.1685101ADEYEMI, N.O. et al. (2019). Identification and relative abundance of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with oil-seed crops and maize (Zea mays L.) in derived savannah of Nigeria. Acta fytotechn zootechn, 22(3), 84–89.DEYEMI, N. SAKARIYAWO, O. and ATAYESE, M. (2017). Yield and yield attributes responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to elevated CO2 and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation in the humid transitory rainforest. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9210002AKMAL, M. et al. (2010). Response of maize varieties to nitrogen applications for leaf area profile, crop growth, yield and yield components. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42, 1941–47.ANTUNES, P.M. et al. (2009). Influence of commercial inoculation with Glomus intraradices on the structure and functioning of an AM fungal community from an agricultural site. Plant Soil, 317, 257–266.AYOOLA, O. T. (2006). Effects of fertilizer treatment on soil chemical properties and crop yield in a cassava-based cropping system. Journal of Applied Science and Research, 2(12), 1112–16. http://www.aensiweb.com/old/jasr/jasr/2006/1112-1116.pdfBREMNER, J. and MULVANEY, C. (1982). Agronomy series No. 9. In Nitrogen – Total 1. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological methods, 2nd ed., 595–624. Medison, WI: American Society for Agronomy and Soil Sciences.BROWN, L. K. et al. (2013). Interactions between root hair length and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in phosphorus deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare). Plant and Soil, 372(1–2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1718-9CELY, M. et al. (2016). Inoculant of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Rhizophagus clarus) increase yield of soybean and cotton under field conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1–9.CHENG, L. et al. (2012). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2 . Science, 337, 1084–1087.COTTENIE, A. et al. (1982). Chemical analysis of plant and soil. 63. Gthent, Belgium: Lab. Anal. Agrochem. State University.COZZOLINO, V., DI MEO, V. and PICCOLO, A. (2013). Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi applications on maize production and soil phosphorus availability. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 129, 40–44.FAOSTAT. (2019). Retrieved July 1, 2019 from http://www.fao.org/faostatGIOVANNETTI, M. and MOSSE, B. (1980). An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04556.xHERNANDEZ, G. et al. (2009). Global changes in the transcript and metabolic profiles during symbiotic nitrogen fixation in phosphorus-stressed common bean plants. Plant Physiol., 151, 1221–1238.HERRIDGE, D.F. and PEOPLES M.B. (2002). Timing of xylem sampling for ureide analysis of nitrogen fixation. Plant and Soil, 238, 57–67.KIERS, E.T. et al. (2011). Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science, 333, 880–882.KLEINERT, A. et al. (2014). The reallocation of carbon in P deficient lupins affects biological nitrogen fixation. J. Plant Physiol., 171, 1619–1624.KÖHL, L. et al. (2016), Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Plant Cell Environ., 39, 136–146.MAKINDE, S. O. et al. (2011). Comparative effect of mineral fertilizer and organic manures on growth, nutrient content and yield of Chorcorus olitorus and Celosia argentia. Research Journal of Botany, 6, 150–56. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjb.2011.150.156MURPHY, J. and RILEY, J. (1962). A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5NASR ESFAHANI, M.N. et al. (2016). Adaption of the symbiotic Mesorhizobium – chickpea relationship to phosphate deficiency relies on reprogramming of whole-plant metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 113, 4610–4619. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609440113NELSON, D. W. and SOMMER, L. E. (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Methods of soil analysis, ed. A. L. Page, 539–79. 2nd ed. Madison, WI: ASA. Monogr. 9. ASA.ÖPIK, M. Et al. (2010). The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). New Phytologist, 188(1), 223–241.ORTAS, I. (2012). The effect of mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on plant yield, nutrient uptake and inoculation effectiveness under long-term field conditions. Field Crop Res., 125, 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.005OTIE, V. et al. (2019). Liming and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1648663PABLO-BARBIERI, A. et al. (2008). Nitrogen use efficiency in maize as affected by nitrogen availability and row spacing. Agronomy Journal, 100, 1094–100. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0057PELLEGRINO, E. et al. (2011). Field inoculation effectiveness of native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a Mediterranean agricultural soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(2), 367–376.PEOPLES, M.B. et al. (1989). Development of the xylem ureide assay or the measurement of nitrogen fixation by pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (1.) Millsp.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 40, 535–542.PHILLIPS, J.M. and HAYMAN, D.S. (1970). Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. T Brit Mycol Soc., 55, 158–161.HOADES, J. D. and OSTER, J. D. (1986), Solute content. In Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, ed. A. Klute, 985–1006. 2nd ed. Agronomy. Monograph 9. Madison, WI: ASA and SSSA.RILLIG, M.C. and MUMMEY, D.L. (2006). Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol., 171, 41–53.ROCHESTER I. et al. (1998). Faba beans and other legumes add nitrogen to irrigated cotton cropping systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 38, 253–260.SAIA, S. et al. (2014). The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on total plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen recovery from soil organic material. J Agric Sci., 152(3), 370–378.SAKARIYAWO O.S. et al. (2016). Growth, assimilate partitioning and grain yield response of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrrill) varieties to carbon dioxide enrichment and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the humid rainforest. Agro-science, 15, 29–40.SBRANA, C. et al. (2011). Plugging into the network: Belowground connections between germlings and extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia, 103, 307–316.SMITH, S.E. and READ, D. (2008) The symbionts forming arbuscular mycorrhizas, in: Smith SE, Read D, editors. Mycorrhizal symbiosis (3rd edition). New York: Academic Press. 13–41.SMITH, S. E. and SMITH, F. A. (2011). Mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol., 62, 227–250. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103846SULIEMAN, S. et al. (2013). Growth and nodulation of symbiotic Medicago truncatula at different levels of phosphorus availability. J Exp Bot., 64(10), 2701–2712. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert122SULIEMAN, S., SCHULZE, J. and TRAN, L.S.P. (2014). N-feedback regulation is synchronized with nodule carbon alteration in Medicago truncatula under excessive nitrate or low phosphorus conditions. J Plant Physiol., 171, 407–410.SULIEMAN, S. and TRAN, L.S.P. (2015). Phosphorus homeostasis in legume nodules as an adaptive strategy to phosphorus deficiency. Plant Sci., 239, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.018VANCE, C. P., UHDE-STONE, C. and ALLAN, D. L. (2003). Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a non-56renewable resource. New Phytol., 157, 423–447. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.xVARDIEN, W. et al. (2014). Nodules from Fynbos legume Virgilia divaricata have high functional plasticity under variable P supply levels. J Plant Physiol., 171, 1732–1739.VERBRUGGEN, E. et al. (2013). Mycorrhizal fungal establishment in agricultural soils: factors determining inoculation success. New Phytol., 197, 1104–1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04348.xWAHID, F. et al. (2016). Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria in the presence of rock phosphate improves phosphorus uptake and growth of maize. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 48(2), 739–747.WEIRSMA, J. V. and BAILEY, T. B. (1975). Estimation of leaflet, trifoliate and total leaf areas of soybean. Agronomy Journal, 67, 26–30. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1975.00021962006700010007xWILLIAMS, A., RIDGWAY, H. J. and NORTON, D. A. (2013). Different arbuscular mycorrhizae and competition with an exotic grass affect the growth of Podocarpus cunninghamii Colenso cuttings. New Forests, 44(2), 183–195.YOUNG, E.G. and CONWAY, C.F. (1942). On the estimation of allantoin by the rimini-schryver reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 142, 839–853
