7 research outputs found
Book Review: African Philosophy: Reflections on Yoruba Metaphysics and Jurisprudence
No full textBook Title: African Philosophy: Reflections on Yoruba Metaphysics and JurisprudenceBook Author: Oladele Abiodun BalogunPublisher: Xcel Publishers. Pages: 387. Year of Publication: 201
The roles of pheromones of adult Western flower thrips
No full textFrankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an invasive worldwide pest of many agricultural, horticultural and ornamental crops. They are difficult to control because of their small size and high resistance to chemical insecticides. The aggregation pheromone of this species is currently used for monitoring, but the full potential for use of this and other pheromones has not yet been explored. Two male-specific headspace volatiles have been previously identified: neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate which acts as an aggregation pheromone and (R)-lavandulyl acetate, for which the role is unclear. The roles of these compounds were studied to understand how they can be used in pest management. Laboratory bioassays showed that the aggregation pheromone, apart from being an attractant, also increased the activity level of adult F. occidentalis. This could be utilized to activate the thrips out of their concealed spaces within the crop and enhance pickup of chemical insecticides. (R)-lavandulyl acetate reduced the walking and take-off activity of adult females but increased the activity level of adult males. The possible role of this compound as a mating pheromone is discussed. The chemical analysis of male-exposed filter paper discs showed the presence of another compound, 7-methyltricosane, which was shown to act as a contact pheromone for species recognition. Adult females respond by raising their abdomen showing mating rejection towards adult males while abdominal wagging sideways was observed in adult males, a behaviour used in aggressive male-male interactions. This is the first identification of a contact pheromone in the order Thysanoptera
Bioactivity and effects of spraying interval of selected plant extracts for control of pre-flowering insect pests of watermelon (Citrulus lanatus[Thunb.] Matsum. & Nakai)
No full textThis experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of plant extracts of Tephrosial vogelii Hook. f., Moringa oleifera Lam., Annona squamosa L. and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) at two intervals of spraying against major pre-flowering insect pests of watermelon. The results show that the effectiveness of each plant extracts depends on the interval of spraying. Plants sprayed at 7-day intervals had significantly less insect infestation when compared with that of 10-day interval of spraying. T. vogelii and M. oleifera had higher insecticidal efficacy than A. squamosa and cashew nut extracts but the applied plant extracts had the same insecticidal potential with Lambda-cyhalothrin against the observed insects during late planting season. Therefore, the plant extracts proved to be alternative to synthetic insecticide in the management of insect pests of watermelon at 7-day interval application sequence
Preliminary study of insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria
No full textArticle Details: Received: 2018-06-11 | Accepted: 2018-09-06 | Available online: 2018-09-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.03.108-112A Field experiment was conducted in 2014 to determine insect pests associated with cucumber in Ogbomoso (Southern Guinea Savanna), Oyo-state Nigeria. Market More and Pointset cucumber varieties were used as treatments. Data were collected at three different phonological growth stages with damaged they caused. Data collections commenced at 2 weeks after planting (WAP) and were on weekly basis for six weeks. Four major insect pests observed were Phyllotreta cruciferae Fabricius, Diabrotical undecimpunctata Howardi Barber, Epilachna vigintiopunctata Fabricius and Monolepta spp Coquilletta on the two varieties observed. Except Epilachna, which belong to the family Coccinellidae others are from the family Chrymesolidae. Also, all the insects pest recorded the highest population at seedling and the population reduces at flowering to fruiting stage while Epilachna recorded the highest population at fruiting stage. The same trend was also observed for distribution across the age of the plant.Keywords: Cucumber, insect pest, Epilachna vigintiopunctata, population species and Market moreReferencesADETULA O., DENTON L. (2003) Performance of vegetative and yield accessions of cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.). In Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON) Proceedings of 21st Annual Conference. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JABSD2015.0239 BAKRE, S. et al. (2004) Cadmium, lead and mercury in fresh and boiled leafy vegetables grown in Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Technology, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1367–1370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332508618465BIDEIN T. et al. (2016). Efficacy of combining varietal resistance with organic fertilizer application in reducing infestation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by Insect Pests in the Niger Delta. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental. Science, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 532–542. doi: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2016.16.3.12868BURGESS, L. and SPURR, D.T. (1984) Distribution and abundance of overwintering flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in a grove of trees. Environmental Entomology, vol. 13, pp. 941–944. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.4.941EKWU, L. G. et al. (2007) Vegetative growth and yield response of cucumber (L) to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. In Proceedings of the 20 Annual Conference of Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON) May 14th–17th, pp.117–200.FAOSTAT (2008) Statistical database of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.GHALLAB, M M. et al. (2011) Sensitivity of four cucumber cultivars to some piercing sap sucking pests infestation and their impact on yield. Plant Protection Research Institute, vol. 89, no. 4, 1363.GRZYWACZ, D. et al. (2014) The use of indigenous ecological resources for pest control in Africa. Food security, vol. 6, pp. 71–86. KAREIVA, P. (1982) Exclusion experiments and the competitive release of insects feeding on collards. Ecology, vol. 62, pp. 696–704.KHAN, M.W. et al. (1991) Toxicity of crude neem extracts (N-4) and (N-9) against the late 2nd instar larvae of Musca domestica (PCSIR strain). Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 77–86.KUHAR, T. P. and SPEESE, J. (2002) Cucumber Beetle Management in Melons. Vegetable, Virginia Small Fruit and Specialty Crops. Virginia State University in Virginia.INDRA, P.S. and KAMINI, V. (2003) Control of flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using locally available natural resources. Himalayas Journal of Science, no. 2, pp. 111–114.MAYOORI, K. and MIKUNTHAN, G. (2009) Damage pattern of cabbage flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and its associated hosts of crops and weeds. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 303–307.MISHCHENKO, S. et al. (2017) Phenological growth stages of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): codification and description according to the BBCH scale. Žemės Ūkio Mokslai, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 31–36.PARACHNOWITSCH, A. L. et al. (2012) Phenotypic selection to increase floral scent emission, but not flower size or colour in bee-pollinated Penstemon digitalis. New Phytol., vol. 195, pp. 667–675.ROOT, R. B. (1973) Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs, vol. 43, pp. 95–124.SELLECK, G.W. and OPENA, R.T. (1985) National Programs: the need for increased emphasis on the development of vegetables and Legumes in: Non-Womdim. An overview of major virus diseases of vegetable crops in Africa, pp. 213–231.SEBASTIAN P. et al. (2010) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (C. melo) have numerous wild relatives in Asia and Australia. Proceedings National Academic Science U.S.A, vol. 107, pp. 14269–14273. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005338107YAMAGUCHI, M. (1993) World Vegetables. Department of Vegetable Crop. University of California
Biocidal potential of Chromolaena odorata L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. against adult houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus 1758)
No full textAbstract The use of plant extracts as insecticides against vector insects serves as a perfect alternative to conventional methods. This study was carried out to assess the chemical composition and efficacy of Chromolaena odorata L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. in the control of adult houseflies. C. odorata and O. gratissimum were extracted with cold water and applied at four concentrations (5, 10, 40 and 100% v/v) in different bioassays (contact, fumigant and feeding-deterrent). A synthetic insecticide (Lambdacyhalothrin) and an untreated control were included in the treatments. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The phytochemical compositions of the tested plant extracts were determined via gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). Mortality data were recorded at the stipulated times (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h), and the means were separated via Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% probability. GC‒MS revealed different chemical compounds, and eugenol, n-hexadecanoic acid, caryophyllene, phytol, humulene, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-, squalene, and stigmasterol compounds, among others, were identified as active insecticidal compounds. The tested plant extracts were effective against the studied insects, which suggested synergistic action of the observed natural chemicals in the plant extracts used. Moreover, the two plant extracts did not kill the studied insects faster than the synthetic insecticide did, but 100% mortality was observed after 12 h of exposure to the plant extracts. The mode of application and concentration played a significant role in the toxicity of the plant extracts, with the feeding mode of application resulting in greater toxicity effects than the fumigant and contact bioassays at the highest concentration. However, O. gratissimum exhibited better insecticidal control than C. odorata extracts did. Therefore, the use of crude plant extracts as insecticides could serve as substitutes for lambdachyalothrin in the control of houseflies, especially in animal rearing facilities and in the human population. Graphical Abstrac
Comparative sensitivity of maize weevil to essential oil of Hoslundia opposita Vahl leaves subjected to different drying regimes
No full textReceived: 2016-06-11 | Accepted: 2016-07-28 | Available online: 2017-09-30http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.03.54-59Botanical essential oils (EOs) are effective alternatives to over-dependence on synthetic insecticides in stored product protection. However, the burden of handling bulky fresh botanicals needed for EO extraction and the tendency of the freshly harvested botanical to rot in transit, if wrongly handled, can be bottlenecks to pilot scale application of EO. Therefore, this study evaluates the comparative efficacy of the EOs obtained from freshly harvested Hoslundia opposita Vahl (Lamiaceae) and plants exposed to different shade-drying regimes (1-5 days) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under laboratory conditions. Evaluation included fumigant toxicity and repellence bioassays. At 2 hours after exposure (HAE), EO of freshly harvested H. opposita leaves caused significantly (P < 0.001) lower mortality (53.30 %) than the value observed in H. opposita leaves dried for 5 days (90.00 %). The lethal time for 90.00 % of the weevils (LT90) obtained in EO from H. opposita leaves dried for 5 days (2.00 h) was significantly lower than 2.80 and 7.14 h obtained in EOs from the fresh and 1 day-dried leaves, respectively. At 1 HAE, EOs obtained from H. opposita leaves dried for 4 and 5 days caused 60.00 % repellence which was significantly higher than 20.00 % observed in fresh leaves. At 2 HAE, EOs obtained from H. opposita dried for 4 and 5 days caused significantly higher repellence (100.00 and 80.00 %, respectively) than what was observed in fresh leaves (70.00 %). The results imply that shade drying freshly harvested H. opposita leaves has no deleterious effects on the efficacy of its EO against maize weevil.Keywords: bird gooseberry, botanical essential oils, drying regimes, Hoslundia opposita Vahl., insecticidal, maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais MotschulskyReferences AGAH, M. and NAJAFIAN, S. (2012) Essential oil content and composition of Lippa citriodora as affected by drying method before flowering stages. In European Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 2, no 5, pp 1771-1777.ARABHOSSEINI, A. et al. (2006) Loss of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) due to drying. In Journal of the Scence of Food and Agriculture, vol. 86, pp 2543-2550. doi:http://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2641BABARINDE G. O., BABARINDE S. A. and OGUNSOLA S. O. (2013a) Effect of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) infestation on the quality of three commercial pastas. In Food Science and Quality Management, vol. 21, pp 1-11.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2013b) Effect of the prevalent insect species of yam chips on consumers’ acceptability of yam paste. Agriculturae Tropica Subtropica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp 97-101. doi: https://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2013-0017BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2008a) Potential of Tithonia diversifolia with Pirimiphos-methyl in control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, vol. 2 no. 2, pp 77–80.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2015) First report of toxicity of Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth (Annonaceae) root bark's essential oil against cowpea seed bruchid, Callososbruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). In Natural Product Reearch, vol. 29 no. 4, pp 349-352. doi:http://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.940943BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2017a) Chemical composition of the essential oil of Nigeria grown Hoslundia opposita VAHL (Lamiaceae) dried leaves and its bioactivity against cowpea Seed Bruchid. In Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol.14, (In Press). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600418BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2017b) Insectifugal and insecticidal potentials of two tropical botanical essential oils against cowpea seed bruchid. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research (In Press). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9589-xBABARINDE S. A., SOSINA A. and OYEYIOLA E. I. (2008b) Susceptibility of selected crop in storage to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in southwestern Nigeria. In Journal of Plant Protection Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp 541-550.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2014) Toxicity and repellence of Hoslundia opposita Vahl (Lamiaceae) leaves’ essential oil against rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In Natural Product Reearch, vol. 28, no. 6, pp 361-371. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.866115BOUGHERRA H. H. et al. (2015) Pistacia lentiscus essential oil has repellent effect against three major insect pests of pasta. In Industrial Crops and Products,vol. 63, pp 249-255. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.048CONTI B. et al. (2010) Repellence of essential oils from tropical and Mediterranean Lamiaceae against Sitophilus zeamais. In Bulletin of Insectology, vol 63, no. 2, pp 197-202.HANAA, A. R. M. et al. (2012) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. In Annals of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 57 no. 2, pp 113-116. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2012.08.004HERRERA J. M. et al. (2014) Fumigant toxicity from five essential oils rich in ketones against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). In Agriscientia, vol. 31, no. 1, pp 35-41.KHALID K. A., HU W. and CAI W. (2008) The effects of harvesting and different drying methods on the essential oil composition of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.). In Journal of Essential Oil Beaing Plants, vol. 11, no. 4, pp 342-349. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2008.10643639KHANGHOLI S. P. and REZAEINODEHI A. (2008) Effect of drying temperature on essential oil content and composition of Sweet Wonnwood (Artemisia annua) growing wild in Iran. In Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp 934-937.Lira C. S. et al. (2015) Evaluation of the toxicity of essential oil from Alpinia purpurata inflorescences to Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil). In Crop Protection, vol. 71, pp 95-100. Doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.004MAHESWARAN R. and IGNACIMUTHU S. (2013) Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 97 no. 1, pp 26-31. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.028MOHARRAMIPOUR S. and NEGAHBAN M. (2014) Plant essential oils and pest management. In: SAHAYARAJ, K. (ed): Basic and applied aspects of biopesticides. New Delhi: Springer, India. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1877-7-7OMIDBAIGI R., SEFIDKON F. and KAZEMI F. (2004) Influence of drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Roman chamomile. In Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp 196-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1340 PIMIENTA-RAMÍREZ L. et al. (2016) Chemical composition and evaluation of the essential oil from Eupatorium glabratum as biopesticide against Sitophilus zeamais and several stored maize fungi. In Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 28, no. 2, pp 113-120. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2015.1093969RAHIMMALEK M. and GOLI S. A. H. (2013) Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves. In Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 42, pp 613-619. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.012SANTOS A. C. V. et al. (2015) Use of plant oils from the southwestern Amazon for the control of maize weevil. In Journal of Stored Product Research, vol. 63, pp 67-70.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2015.07.002SELLAMI I. H.. et al.. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. leaves as affected by different drying methods. In Food Chemistry, vol. 126, no. 2, pp 691-697. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.022SHAHHOSEINI R.et al. (2013) The effect of different drying methods on the content and chemical composition of essential oil of Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora). 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Field evaluation of crude extracts of Petiveria alliacea and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against insect pests of Amaranthus caudatus (Lin.) and their effects on nutritional quality of Amaranthus leaves
No full textAn environmentally friendly approach against field insect pests on crops is of enormous significance and has, over time, constituted a point of interest to crop protectionists. We conducted this experiment to compare the effectiveness of crude extracts from Petiveria alliacea and silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by P. alliacea against field insect pests of Amaranthus caudatus (Lin), and their impact on the proximate and mineral contents of the harvested leaves of Amaranthus. Silver nitrate was used in the biosynthesis of AgNPs by P. alliacea leaf (PaL-AgNPs) and root (PaR-AgNPs), with maximum absorbance ranging from 5.95 to 76.91 nm in size. Two synthetic insecticides (Dichlorvos and Cypermethrin) and untreated plots were included in the experiment. Each of the treatments was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings showed that the two insects that were tested, Pygomorpha vignaudii and Phyllotreta striolata, were killed by crude extracts of P. alliacea and AgNPs. However, the insecticidal effect of Pa-AgNPs against P. vignaudii was more pronounced than the crude P. alliacea extracts. Meanwhile, PaR-AgNPs had the highest insecticidal efficacy (59 %) compared to crude P. alliacea extracts and PaL-AgNPs against P. striolata. Although none of the tested botanical and nano-insecticides was as effective as cypermethrin, they competed effectively with dichlorvos. Harvested Amaranthus leaves from plants treated with crude P. alliacea root exhibited the highest proximate contents (38.3 %), and those treated with PaR- and PaL-AgNPs yielded the highest mineral content (278.3–319.7 mg/100 g). Both Pa-AgNPs and crude extracts of P. alliacea did not have negative effects on the proximate and mineral contents of the harvested Amaranthus leaves. Therefore, the management practice of A. caudatus can incorporate the use of nano and botanical insecticides in the management of leafy vegetables, particularly in the organic farming system
