1,720,995 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Zellzyklus- und Dichteabhängigkeit todesrezeptorvermittelter Apoptose und Untersuchungen des von RKO-Zellen konditionierten Mediums
No full textIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob eine Zellzyklusabhängigkeit der CD95- vermittelten Apoptose besteht. Dazu wurde ein ecdysoninduzierbares Genexpressionsystem für die induzierte Überexpression der CDK-Inhibitoren p21 und p27 in RKO-Zellen (Kolonkarzinomzellen) zur Herbeiführung eines Zellzyklusarrests in der G1-Phase benutzt. Nach Induktion mit dem Ecdysonhomolog Muristeron wurde durch Zugabe von rekombinanten hCD95-Liganden Apoptose ausgelöst und anschließend untersucht. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Induktor Muristeron an sich und nicht die p21- bzw. p27-Überexpression die anti-apoptotische Akt-Kinase aktiviert, die Expression des anti-apoptotischen Bcl-xL erhöht, die Caspase-8-Aktivierung (entweder am CD95-DISC oder durch "Feedback"-Aktivierung durch Caspase-3) und die darauf folgenden Ereignisse verhindert und somit die hCD95L-induzierte Apoptose blockiert. Zusätzlich beeinflusst der Induktor auch das Genexpressionsmuster der behandelten Zellen, was ebenfalls für die Hemmung der Apoptose mit verantwortlich sein könnte. Somit ist das ecdysoninduzierbare Genexpressionsystem zur Apoptoseuntersuchung in RKO-Zellen nicht verwendbar. Mit der Untersuchung des Apoptoseverhaltens proliferierender RKO-Zellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass überlebende Zellen nach hCD95L-Behandlung vermehrt in der G0/G1-Zellzyklusphase nachweisbar sind, während apoptotische (Caspase-3-positive) Zellen aus der G2/M-Phase heraus sterben. Allerdings weisen die apoptotischen Zellen kaum Cyclin B1 auf, ein für die G2-Phase wichtiges und typisches Cyclin. Somit bleibt die genaue Verknüpfung von Zellzyklusregulation und Apoptose auch nach diesen Analysen ungeklärt. In einem dritten Ansatz - Zellzyklusarrest durch Dichtearretierung - konnte eine Hemmung der CD95- vermittelten Apoptose in der arretierten Zellpopulation nachgewiesen werden. Allerdings sekretieren RKO-Zellen einen anti-apoptotischen Faktor in ihr Medium, dessen Konzentration und Wirkung mit größerer Zelldichte zunimmt und somit für die Protektion, unabhängig von Zellzyklusarrest oder Proliferation, verantwortlich ist. Konfluente und auch mit konditioniertem Medium behandelte RKO-Zellen zeigen im Vergleich zu dünn ausgesäten RKO-Zellen Veränderungen, die denen sehr ähnlich sind die beim Übergang einer epithelverankerten Zelle zu einer migrierenden Einzelzelle (EMT) auftreten. Beispielsweise verändert sich die Zusammensetzung des Zytoskeletts, die Zellen verlieren den Zell-Zell-Kontakt und lösen sich ab, bleiben aber am Leben. Zusätzlich steigt die Sekretion von Zytokinen an, die Angiogenese, Migration und Invasion positiv beeinflussen. Sowohl konfluente als auch mit konditioniertem Medium behandelte sub-konfluente Zellen sind apoptoseresistent (hCD95L, TRAIL, UV, Staurosporin), woran u.a. die Kinasen PKC und PI3K, aber auch das anti-apoptotische Bcl-xL beteiligt sind. Die Zellen sterben interessanterweise, wenn ein agonistischer anti-CD95-Antikörper statt des rekombinanten CD95-Liganden verwendet wird, was vermuten lässt, dass eine mangelhafte Vernetzung der einzelnen DISC-Komplexe zur Apoptosehemmung führt, welche durch den Antikörper dann aber erzwungen wird. Zwar handelt es sich hierbei um ein reines Zellkulturmodell, dennoch könnte es bedeuten, dass die Umgebung in einer dichten RKO-Zellkultur vergleichbar ist mit der in größeren soliden Tumoren. Die Zellen brauchen Nährstoffe, versuchen über eine Neovaskularisierung Anschluss an ein Blutsystem zu finden und sekretieren Lockstoffe, Wachstumsfaktoren sowie Proteasen, um die Metastasierung zu erleichtern. PI3K, cPKCs und Bcl-xL tragen dabei zu einer Apoptoseresistenz bei, welche die Zellen zum einen resistent gegenüber Anoikis, Nährstoffmangel, aber auch gegen angreifende zytotoxische T-Zellen macht. Eine weitere Aufklärung der hier ablaufenden Prozesse würde es erleichtern, Möglichkeiten zu finden, in diese Signalwege einzugreifen, um die Apoptosesensitivität wieder herzustellen und die Metastasierung zu verhindern. Insbesondere ist die Identifizierung des für die Apoptoseprotektion verantwortlichen Zytokins das nächste wichtige Ziel bei der Fortsetzung dieser Arbeiten.The aim of this study was to investigate whether a cell cycle dependency in CD95 mediated apoptosis exists. Therefore an ecdysone-inducible expression system was used to induce overexpression of the CDK-inhibitors p21 and p27 in RKO cells (colon carcinoma cell line) to arrest then in the G1 cell cycle phase. Upon transgene induction with the ecdysone homologue muristerone, apoptosis was induced via addition of recombinant hCD95 ligand and then further analyzed. The results demonstrate that muristerone itself and not the overexpression of p21 or p27 activates the anti-apoptotic Akt kinase, increases expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, inhibits caspase-8 activation (possibly at the CD95 DISC or alternatively at the level of feedback activation by caspase-3) as well as downstream events, and therefore inhibits hCD95L-induced apoptosis. Additionally the inductor influences the gene expression profile of treated cells, which could also be involved in the inhibition of apoptosis. In conclusion, these data show that the Ecdysone-inducible gene expression system is not useful to study apoptosis in RKO cells. By investigating apoptotic behavior of proliferating RKO cells the observation was made that, upon hCD95L treatment, surviving cells are more likely to be found in the G0/G1-cell cycle phase. Apoptotic (caspase-3 positive) cells preferentially die from G2/M-phase as judged by the DNA profile, although they do not express the G2/M-typical cyclin B. Therefore, the question of a direct link between cell cycle and apoptosis still remains open. In a third approach - cell cycle arrest via contact inhibition of dense cells - an inhibition of CD95- mediated apoptosis in cell cycle arrested cells could be proven. Further analysis revealed that RKO cells secret an anti-apoptotic factor into the medium, with increasing concentration (and effectiveness) with higher cell density. This factor is responsible for apoptosis protection, independently of cell cycle arrest or proliferation. Dense RKO cells and cells plated at low density before treatment with conditioned medium show changes similar to those in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) if compared to sparsely seeded RKO cells: cytoskeleton reorganization, loss of cell-cell-contact, loss of adherence and anoikis resistance. In addition, secretion of angiogenesis-, migration- and invasion-inducing cytokines increases. Dense, as well as sparse cells treated with conditioned medium are apoptosis-resistant (hCD95L, TRAIL, UV, staurosporine). The kinases PKC and PI3K and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL contribute to the resistance phenotype. The cells die however if treated with anti-CD95-antibody, suggesting an insufficient clustering of single DISC-complexes and inhibition of apoptosis when the cells are treated with recombinant hCD95 ligand. The agonistic CD95-antibody on the other hand forces DISC clustering. This cell culture model may be comparable to the situation in large solid tumors. The cells need nutrients, try to connect to the vascular system through angiogenesis and secrete chemoattractants, growth factors and proteases to facilitate metastasis formation. PI3K, cPKC and BclxL induce apoptosis resistance, which protects cells against anoikis, serum deprivation and cytotoxic T cells. Further investigations of underlying mechanisms could provide new targets to manipulate the signaling pathways in order to restore apoptosis sensitivity in tumor cells and to prevent metastasis formation. In this context, it will be highly interesting to identify the anti-apoptotic factor secreted by RKO cells
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