170,122 research outputs found
Could you have said no? A mixed-methods investigation of consent to HIV tests in four African countries
No full textIntroduction: Although most studies report high frequencies of consent to HIV tests, critics argue that clients are subject to pressure, that acceptors later indicate they could not have refused, and that provider-initiated HIV testing raises serious ethical issues. We examine the meaning of consent and why clients think they could not have refused. Methods: Clients in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi and Uganda were asked about consenting to HIV tests, whether they thought they could have refused and why. Textual responses were analyzed using qualitative and statistical methods. Results: Among 926 respondents, 77percent reported they could not have said no, but in fact, 60percent actively consented to test, 24percent had no objection and only 7percent tested without consent. There were few significant associations between categories of consent and their covariates. Conclusions: Retrospectively asking clients if they could have refused to test for HIV overestimates coercion. Triangulating qualitative and quantitative data suggests a considerable degree of agency. © 2014 Obermeyer CM et al; licensee International AIDS Society.Angotti N, 2011, HEALTH POLICY PLANN, V26, P307, DOI 10.1093-heapol-czq066; Angotti N, 2009, SOC SCI MED, V68, P2263, DOI 10.1016-j.socscimed.2009.02.041; Appelbaum PS, 2009, HASTINGS CENT REP, V39, P30; Baggaley R, 2012, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V90, P652, DOI 10.2471-BLT.11.100818; Bayer R, 2006, NEW ENGL J MED, V355, P647, DOI 10.1056-NEJMp068153; Groves AK, 2010, AIDS CARE, V22, P538, DOI 10.1080-09540120903311508; Gruskin S, 2008, DEV WORLD BIOETH, V8, P23, DOI 10.1111-j.1471-8847.2007.00222.x; Guenter Dale, 2008, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, V30, P17; Hensen B, 2012, TROP MED INT HEALTH, V17, P59, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-3156.2011.02893.x; Jurgens R, 2007, INCREASING ACCESS HI; Karim QA, 1998, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V88, P637; Kass Nancy E, 2005, IRB, V27, P1, DOI 10.2307-3563534; Larsson EC, 2012, HEALTH POLICY PLANN, V27, P69, DOI 10.1093-heapol-czr009; Mandava A, 2012, J MED ETHICS, V38, P356, DOI 10.1136-medethics-2011-100178; Marshall PA, 2006, J EMPIR RES HUM RES, V1, P25, DOI 10.1525-jer.2006.1.1.25; Njeru MK, 2011, BMC HEALTH SERV RES, V11, DOI 10.1186-1472-6963-11-87; Obermeyer CM, 2007, AM J PUBLIC HEALTH, V97, P1762, DOI 10.2105-AJPH.2006.096263; Obermeyer CM, 2012, PLOS MED, V9, DOI 10.1371-journal.pmed.1001329; Obermeyer CM, 2013, BMC INT HEALTH HUM R, V13, DOI 10.1186-1472-698X-13-6; QSR, 2011, N VIV 9 2; Rujumba J, 2013, BMC HEALTH SERV RES, V13, DOI 10.1186-1472-6963-13-189; StataCorp, 2009, STAT STAT SOFTW REL; Ujiji OA, 2011, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, V11, DOI 10.1186-1471-2458-11-151; Weiser SD, 2006, PLOS MED, V3, P1013, DOI 10.1371-journal.pmed.003026110
Advanced light trapping management by diffractive interlayer for thin-film silicon solar cells
No full textObermeyer P, Haase C, Stiebig H. Advanced light trapping management by diffractive interlayer for thin-film silicon solar cells. Applied Physics Letters. 2008;92(18): 181102
Symptoms, menopause status, and country differences: A comparative analysis from DAMES
No full textOBJECTIVE: To investigate reported frequencies of menopausal symptoms among women in four countries, namely Lebanon, Morocco, Spain, and the United States, and to assess the relative role of menopause status, country of residence, and other factors in explaining differences in symptomatology. DESIGN: Surveys of representative samples of approximately 300 women aged 45 to 55 years in each site were conducted, using an instrument that includes demographic, health, and menopausal variables, in addition to perceptions and attitudes toward menopause. Statistical and textual analyses are used to examine differentials and the factors that influence them. RESULTS: The burden of symptoms and the frequencies of symptoms differ across sites, but hot flashes are reported everywhere by just under one half of the respondents. The most frequent symptoms are joint pain, fatigue, impatience-nervousness, sleep disturbances, memory loss, and one or more emotional symptoms. Menopause status is significantly associated with hot flashes and vasomotor symptoms and to a lesser extent with emotional and sexual symptoms. Smoking, schooling, employment, and age are also associated with the frequency of selected symptoms. Country of residence influences reported symptoms over and above other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities among core symptoms and differences in the expression of symptoms were found across sites. Both biological (menopause status) and cultural (country of residence) variables influence symptomatology. ©2007The North American Menopause Society.Anderson Debra, 2004, Nurs Health Sci, V6, P173, DOI 10.1111-j.1442-2018.2004.00190.x; Avis Nancy E, 2005, Am J Med, V118 Suppl 12B, P37, DOI 10.1016-j.amjmed.2005.09.057; Avis NE, 2003, MED CARE, V41, P1262, DOI 10.1097-01.MLR.0000093479.39115.AF; AVIS NE, 1993, BAILLIERE CLIN ENDOC, V7, P17, DOI 10.1016-S0950-351X(05)80268-X; BELL SE, 1987, SOC SCI MED, V24, P535, DOI 10.1016-0277-9536(87)90343-1; Blumel JE, 2006, MENOPAUSE, V13, P706, DOI 10.1097-01.gme.0000227338.73738.2d; BOULET MJ, 1994, MATURITAS, V19, P157, DOI 10.1016-0378-5122(94)90068-X; Cohen LS, 2006, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V63, P385, DOI 10.1001-archpsyc.63.4.385; Crawford SL, 2000, MENOPAUSE, V7, P96, DOI 10.1097-00042192-200007020-00005; Dennerstein L, 2004, MENOPAUSE, V11, P778, DOI 10.1097-01.GME.0000138544.50670.CC; FLINT M, 1990, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V592, P134; Ford K, 2005, MENOPAUSE, V12, P308, DOI 10.1097-01.GME.0000163869.89878.D9; FREEMAN EW, 2006, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V63, P378; Guthrie JR, 2005, MENOPAUSE, V12, P460, DOI 10.1097-01.GME.0000155200.80687.BE; Hardy R, 2005, BJOG-INT J OBSTET GY, V112, P346, DOI 10.1111-j.147-0528.2004.00348.x; Jasienska G, 2005, WOMEN HEALTH ISS, V15, P145, DOI 10.1016-j.whi.2005.02.002; KAUFERT P, 1986, SOC SCI MED, V22, P1285, DOI 10.1016-0277-9536(86)90196-6; KAUFERT P, 1981, SOC SCI MED-MED PSYC, V15, P173, DOI 10.1016-0271-5384(81)90011-9; Lee C, 2004, AUST NZ J PUBL HEAL, V28, P144, DOI 10.1111-j.1467-842X.2004.tb00928.x; Lindenbaum S., 1993, KNOWLEDGE POWER PRAC; Lock M, 1998, PSYCHOSOM MED, V60, P410; Loh FH, 2005, MATURITAS, V52, P169, DOI 10.1016-j.maturitas.2004.11.004; LUOTO R, 1994, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V139, P64; Matthews KA, 2001, INT J OBESITY, V25, P863, DOI 10.1038-sj.ijo.0801618; MCKINLAY SM, 1992, MATURITAS, V14, P103, DOI 10.1016-0378-5122(92)90003-M; Melby MK, 2005, MENOPAUSE, V12, P250, DOI 10.1097-01.GME.0000146108.27840.D9?; Melby MK, 2005, HUM REPROD UPDATE, V11, P495, DOI 10.1093-humupd-dmi018; Obermeyer CM, 2004, MENOPAUSE, V11, P456, DOI 10.1097-01.GME.0000109318.11228.DA; Obermeyer CM, 1999, MATURITAS, V33, P249; Obermeyer CM, 2005, MATURITAS, V52, P190, DOI 10.1016-j.maturitas.2005.01.011; Obermeyer CM, 2002, MATURITAS, V41, P87, DOI 10.1016-S0378-5122(01)00289-4; PARAZZINI F, 1992, MATURITAS, V15, P141, DOI 10.1016-0378-5122(92)90248-3; *QSR INT PTY LTD, 2002, N6 NONN UNSTR DAT IN; Randolph JF, 2005, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V90, P6106, DOI 10.1210-jc.2005-1374; Reynolds RF, 2005, AM J HUM BIOL, V17, P331, DOI 10.1002-ajhb.20121; Reynolds RF, 2001, ANN HUM BIOL, V28, P21; Shinberg DS, 1998, SOC SCI MED, V46, P1381, DOI 10.1016-S0277-9536(97)10085-5; Sievert Lynnette Leidy, 2005, J Cross Cult Gerontol, V20, P127, DOI 10.1007-s10823-005-9087-3; Sievert LL, 2007, MENOPAUSE, V14, P798, DOI 10.1097-gme.0b013e31804f8175; Sievert LL, 2006, MENOPAUSE BIOCULTURA; SPSS for Windows, 2005, SPSS WIND39414
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Mitomycin C in highly myopic eyes - Author reply
No full textOphthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):208-18; discussion 219.
Mitomycin C modulation of corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy in highly myopic eyes.
Gambato C, Ghirlando A, Moretto E, Busato F, Midena E.
SourceRefractive Surgery Service and Antimetabolite Therapy Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of topical mitomycin C in corneal wound healing (CWH) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in highly myopic eyes.
DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.
PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients affected by high (>7 diopters) myopia.
METHODS: In each patient, one eye was randomly assigned to PRK with intraoperative topical 0.02% mitomycin C application, and the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Postoperatively, mitomycin C-treated eyes received artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months), whereas the fellow eye was treated with fluorometholone sodium 2% and artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, manifest refraction, and biomicroscopy. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli-Robson chart. Corneal confocal microscopy documented CWH.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 12-36). No side effects or toxic effects were documented. At 12-month follow-up examination, UCVAs (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 0.4+/-0.48 and 0.5+/-0.53 (P = .03) in mitomycin C-treated eyes and corticosteroid-treated eyes, respectively. At 1 year, corneal haze developed in 20% of corticosteroid-treated eyes, versus 0% of mitomycin C-treated eyes. At 12, 24, and 36 months, corneal confocal microscopy showed activated keratocytes and extracellular matrix significantly more evident in untreated eyes (Ps = 0.004, 0.024, and 0.046, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Topical intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C can reduce haze formation in highly myopic eyes undergoing PRK.
Comment in
Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb;113(2):357; author reply 357-8
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
A revision of Cyanella (Tecophilaeaceae) excluding C. amboensis
No full textA taxonomic revision of the southern African genus Cyanella Royen ex L. (Tecophilaeaceae) is presented. Seven species are recognized; C. cygnea G. Scott and C. aquatica Obermeyer ex G. Scott are newly described, and C. amboensis Schinz is excluded from Cyanella as defined here
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
A 0.12mm<sup>2</sup> Wien-Bridge Temperature Sensor with 0.1°C (3σ) Inaccuracy from -40°C to 180°C
No full text Resistor-based temperature sensors can achieve much higher resolution and energy efficiency than conventional BJT-based sensors [1], but they typically occupy more area (> 0.25 mm 2 ) and have lower operating temperatures (le 125 {circ} {C}) [2]-[4]. This work describes a 0.12mm 2 resistor-based sensor that uses a Wien-bridge (WB) filter to achieve 0.1 {circ} {C} (3 sigma) inaccuracy from - 40 {circ} {C} to 180 {circ} {C}. Compared to a state-of-the-art WB sensor [4], it occupies 6 × less area and achieves comparable relative accuracy over a 76% wider operating range. Session 10.3 Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Electronic InstrumentationMicroelectronic
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