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The importance of atmospheric particles monitoring in the protection of cultural heritage
No full textIt is now well known that air pollution is responsible for the accelerated damage encountered on cultural heritage located outdoors. Although several works on atmospheric pollutants have been performed, studies of atmospheric pollutant monitoring close to monuments remain rare. In addition, the few cases reported in the literature mostly regard indoor environments. As the protection and conservation of monuments and historic buildings constitutes a priority for each Country, knowledge of particle composition near monuments over time is an important issue in conservation strategies. For this reason, the atmosphere in proximity of the Florence Baptistery, located in the city centre, was continuously monitored during 2003 and 2004 by means of aerosol sampling performed close to two of the three Doors of the monument. In particular, the monitoring was performed close to the North Door, realized by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1403-1424), currently utilized as the entrance to the monument, and the South Door, a masterpiece of Andrea Pisano (1330), employed as the exit for visitors. The sampling sites were characterized by different expositions to road traffic emissions. The non carbonate carbon and soluble ionic components of the total suspended matter were measured. The data obtained is presented and discussed with the goal of contributing to the formulation of guidelines for a suitable safeguard of the built cultural heritage
Composition of black crust in different sites in Europe – estimation using statistical methods.
No full textThe characterization of the damage layer formed on monuments is very important to provide detailed information on its composition and to understand whether the element originates from the substrate or from atmospheric deposition (anthropogenic origin). To understand the different types of damage on cultural heritage, six different European sites were considered. The complete characterization of damage layer, including the elemental composition carried out by coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), was performed. The results achieved will be discussed with the aim of formulating valid hypotheses on the major stationary and mobile combustion sources responsible for the damage at each site
Composition of black crust in different sites in Europe – estimation using statistical methods.
No full textThe EC TeACH project (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage) sets out to understand the different types of damage on cultural heritage in different sites: Oslo (Norway), Florence (Italy), Salè (Marocco), Cologne (Germany). There was performed the characterization of damage layer including the ion compounds performed by ion chromatography (IC) and elemental composition, carried out by coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). To understand the origin of the ions and elements detected in the black crust specimens, the data obtained during analysis were analyzed statistically using the R Project for Statistical Computing. The results achieved shows that in all cases the SO2 has been proved to have among the pollutants the priority role in damage layer formation. Moreover, there has been reflected the impact of local pollutant sources on damage processes occurring, e.g. coal combustion and emission from railway transport in case of Cologne Cathedral, the marine aerosol in case of coastal sites Sale and Oslo
Composizione di croste nere da differenti siti di interesse storico.
No full textNell’ambito di un progetto finalizzato allo studio delle diverse tipologie di degrado causate dall’inquinamento atmosferico a carico del patrimonio culturale costruito, in questo lavoro sono state prelevate croste nere in 4 differenti siti (3 europei e 1 nord africano) e caratterizzate mediante cromatografia ionica e spettroscopia a emissione atomica e di massa. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come in tutti i luoghi oggetto di studio, l’SO2 abbia un ruolo prioritario nella formazione delle croste nere. É stato inoltre identificato l’impatto di fonti inquinanti locali antropiche e di sorgenti naturali sul degrado degli edifici considerati, come le emissioni da combustione di carbone e da trasporto, sia ferroviario che veicolare, nel sito di Colonia, l’aerosol marino nei siti costieri di Salè ed Oslo, i sali disgelanti ad Oslo e precedenti trattamenti di restauro nel sito di Firenze
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Assessment of air pollutant sources in the deposit on monuments by multivariate analysis
No full textA proper recognition of the pollutant sources in atmospheric deposit is a key problem for any action aiming at reducing their emission, being this an important issue with implications both on human health safeguard and on the cultural heritage conservation in urban sites. This work presents the results of a statistical approach application for the identification of pollutant sources in deposits and damage layers on monuments located in different European sites: Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence (Italy), Cologne Cathedral, Cologne (Germany), Ancient ramparts, Sale (Morocco), National Museum, Cracow (Poland) and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway). For this aim, the surface damage layers on monuments and historical buildings of the selected sites were collected and analyzed, in terms of ionic and elemental composition, through application of ion chromatography and induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The achieved results were processed by multivariate analyses such as correlation matrix and principal component analysis in order to identify the possible origin of pollutants affecting the state of conservation of the monuments. This allowed us to assume that in all case studies the traffic emission is the main pollutant source. In the case of Ancient ramparts, Sale (Morocco), and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway), the surfaces are also under influence of marine aerosols. Moreover, concerning the Cologne Cathedral, the strong impact of the pollutants emitted by railway station was also revealed
Pollution impact on the ancient ramparts of the Moroccan city Salé
No full textThe work focuses on the investigation of air pollutant impacts on the ancient ramparts of the Moroccan city of Salé, part of the Project TeACH (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage), which set out to understand the different types of deterioration due to pollution impact on cultural heritage in diverse sites. The part of the walls studied is the Burĝ al Klāb (Bastion of dogs) tower, also known as the Gate Tower, as an example of a monument in the Mediterranean Basin, built in calcarenite and exposed to a polluted environment, especially traffic. The complete characterization of the surface damage layer forming on the Burĝ al Klāb was performed by a range of analytical techniques, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ion chromatography and induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The results showed that the main damage factor is the deposition of atmospheric sulphur compounds, and sea salts and particles from combustion processes. The deposition of SO2 and marine aerosols effects in formation of new minerals, such as gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na2SO4) and other hydrated forms of sodium sulphates. The octagonal shape of tower and different exposition of walls to traffic roads was reflected in the results from the analyses. A decrease in lightness L* was measured passing from more protected walls to those more exposed to traffic. Sulphate, nitrate and organic carbon were also found in higher concentrations in the samples collected from the walls directly exposed to traffic. The high amount of Ca2+ is ascribed to the calcium carbonate-rich substrate, to soil dust re-suspension and subsequent deposition onto the building surface, as well as to the long-range air mass intrusions from the Sahara. The traffic in the proximity of Tower is not only responsible for particle emissions but also for the re-suspension of dry deposited road traffic emissions and soil dust
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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