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The Role of Offender Reintegration on Recidivism in Kakamega County, Kenya
Get PDFThe International Centre for Prison Studies estimates that as of August 2016, over 11 million people were held in prison custody throughout the world. In spite of interventions by corrections to enable offenders to live crime-free lives after a period of incarceration, ex-convicts been exposed to the criminal justice system through either being re-arrested, re-convicted or re-incarcerated again and again, suggesting that the treatments and support systems they receive in and out of prison are either ineffective or non-existent. Since the founding of jails, people have faced challenges in transitioning from incarceration in penal facilities to liberty in the streets. The act of offenders encountering the criminal justice system after their release, whether through technical violations or new offences finds expression in the concept of recidivism. This study sought to investigate the role of offender reintegration on recidivism in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study adopted a survey research design in which 384 recidivists were sampled to take part in the study as respondents. Besides the recidivist, 25 Prison Officers,13 Probation Officers, 27 family members of recidivists, and 18 community members from the neighbourhoods of recidivists bringing the target sample to 467 respondents. Out of the 467 targeted respondents, 412 participate in the study by way of adequately responding to items in the data collection instruments. This gives the study a response rate of 88.22 percent. Both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques were used in sample selection. Data from respondents was collected using a questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability prior to the actual data collection. Factor analysis was used to ascertain validity while Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of reliability was used to ascertain reliability of the questionnaire. Findings revealed a significant relationship between offender reintegration and recidivism among released prisoners in Kakamega County, Kenya (r=0.541; P< 0.01). The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.682 meaning that post-release treatment, ability to secure a job after release, access and use of certificate of good conduct, residence after release, vocational training while in prison and interaction with hard-core criminals while in prison account for 68.2% of variation in recidivism among released prisoners in Kakamega County, Kenya. In light of the study findings, it is recommended that the government and the various correctional stakeholders should come up with an integrated approach that specifically targets successful reentry of offenders upon release from prison. Keywords: Offender Reintegration, Recidivism DOI: 10.7176/DCS/12-2-04 Publication date: February 28th 2022
FACTORS INFLUENCING RECIDIVISM AMONG PRISONERS IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY
No full textecidivism is the reversion of an individual to criminal behavior after he or she has been\ud
convicted of a prior offence, sentenced and presumably corrected. From the trend in the\ud
high prevalence of recidivism in many countries globally, there is a staggering high\ud
number of people being incarcerated and eventually released back to the community and\ud
the high risk of re-arrest and re-incarceration is a concern for policymakers,\ud
criminologists, and those involved in corrections. As a result of this, crime by former\ud
inmates alone account for a substantial share of current and future crimes. Thus, it\ud
becomes imperative to examine recidivism by looking at the socio-economic and\ud
demographic factors that influence recidivism among inmates in Kenyan prisons and the\ud
accompanying challenges ex-offenders face once released from prisons and also the role\ud
of prison experience on recidivism. This will be achieved though the review of relevant\ud
literature in reference to the. Qualitative and quantitative research designs will be applied\ud
in this study. Questionnaires, interview schedules and focused group discussions are the\ud
instruments that will be used in data collection. Both probabilistic and non-probabilistic\ud
sampling techniques will be applied. Purposive sampling will be used to identify\ud
recidivists from the general prison offender population based on the existing official\ud
prison records. Stratified random sampling will be used to achieve the desired\ud
representation from various sub-groups in the population. The researcher will carry out a\ud
pilot study at the Kakamega G.K Prisons to test the instruments of data collection
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Factors of Recidivism among Reintegrated Inmates in Kenya
Get PDFStatistics throughout the globe suggest that most prisoners coming out of prison are likely to be re-sentenced within three years of their release. Research continue to find that almost 80 percent of prisoners are likely to be rearrested within a decade of being free. Rearrests around the world may occur within the first year of release if no support is given to the offender. High recurrence rates mean more violence, more victims, and more criminal justice system stress. Recidivism is a technical term which, when loosely understood, bypasses the major problem it faces, the problem of continuity of criminal behaviour. Recidivism remains a concern for Kenyan authorities. In this article we examine the influence of offender characteristics, offender reintegration, and community perceptions and attitudes regarding recidivism in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study applied a survey research design. The study adopted a survey research design in which 384 recidivists were sampled to take part in the study as respondents. Besides the recidivist, 25 Prison Officers,13 Probation Officers, 27 family members of recidivists, and 18 community members from the neighbourhoods of recidivists bringing the target sample to 467 respondents. Both probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques were used in sample selection. Data from respondents was collected using a questionnaire that was tested for validity and reliability prior to the actual data collection. Factor analysis was used to ascertain validity while Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of reliability was used to ascertain reliability of the questionnaireFindings reveal a statistically significant relationship between offender characteristics and recidivism, while offender reintegration and community perceptions and attitudes towards offenders are found to greatly influence recidivism. From the study, it is recommended that correctional officers use the actuarial risk assessment model to predict the future probability of recidivism. It is recommended that the various correctional stakeholders develop an integrated approach that specifically targets successful re-entry of offenders upon release, while programmes must be developed to target community awareness to desist from stigmatising ex-offenders. Keywords: Recidivism; Kenya prisons; reintegrated inmates; Kakamega County; offender characteristics; community awareness; actuarial risk assessment model DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/118-14 Publication date: February 28th 202
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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