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The Association Between Childhood Oral Health and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Adulthood:The Association Between Childhood Oral Health and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Adulthood
No full textI studiepopulationer bestående af voksne er det gentagne gange blevet påvist, at incidensen af kardiometaboliske sygdomme som type 2-diabetes og kardiovaskulær sygdom er højere i individer med ringe oral sundhed. De orale sygdomme caries og gingivitis har en høj prævalens blandt børn verden over. I Danmark er prævalensen af caries i børn og unge op til 35%, mens det estimeres, at 9 ud af 10 i personer i befolkningen har gingivitis i en eller anden grad. På trods af den høje prævalens af orale sygdomme i børn og associationen mellem oral sundhed og kardiometaboliske sygdomme i voksenlivet er der kun ganske lidt forskning i effekten af oral sundhed i barndommen på incidensen af kardiometaboliske sygdomme i voksenlivet. Formålet med denne afhandling er således først at undersøge brugbarheden af data fra Sundhedsstyrelsens Centrale Odontologiske Register til forskningsformål og dernæst at undersøge associationen mellem oral sundhed i barndommen og incidensen af type 2-diabetes og kardiovaskulær sygdom i voksenlivet.Data blev indhentet fra relevante danske registre, heriblandt Sundhedsstyrelsens Centrale Odontologiske Register. Først blev tilgængelig dokumentation for registret indhentet med det formål at skabe en sammenhængende tidslinje over registret fra 1972 til i dag. Herefter blev data fra registret undersøgt ved brug af deskriptive statistiske metoder med henblik på at identificere muligheder og mulige faldgruber, der måtte være ved at bruge registrets data i forsknings øjemed. Dernæst kreeredes to kohorter på henholdsvis 568.778 og 627.758 individer født mellem 1963 og 1972 og registeret i Sundhedsstyrelsens Centrale Odontologiske Register mellem 1972 og 1987. Opfølgning foregik fra 1995 eller fra et individ fyldte 25 (hvad end forekom sidst) og frem til 2018.Hazard ratioer og 95% konfidensintervaller for associationen mellem oral sundhed i barndommen og kardiometaboliske sygdomme i voksenlivet blev beregnet ved brug af Cox-regressions modeller med alder under opfølgning som den underliggende tidsvariabel og det højest fuldførte uddannelsesniveau i alderen 25-30 år som Cox-strata. Analyser blev kørt med caries og gingivitis som de primære eksponeringsvariable, mens ét sæt analyser blev kørt med type 2-diabetes som udfaldsvariablen, og et andet sæt med kardiovaskulær sygdom.Data fra Sundhedsstyrelsens Centrale Odontologiske Register blev vurderet til at være en værdifuld ressource for forskning, omend med visse begrænsninger. Sammenlignet med lave niveauer af caries og gingivitis i barndommen var høje niveauer af caries og gingivitis associeret med en højere incidens af type 2-diabetes og kardiovaskulær sygdom i voksenlivet. Der var desuden indikation af, at sværhedsgraden af oral sygdom, såvel som hvilken alder den forekom ved, havde indflydelse på incidensen af type 2-diabetes og kardiovaskulær sygdom i voksenlivet.Således finder denne afhandling en association mellem oral sundhed i barndommen og forekomst af kardiometaboliske sygdomme i voksenlivet. De præsenterede resultater skal dog ses i lyset af residual confounding samt manglende viden om de potentielle underliggende biologiske mekanismer.The incidence of cardiometabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease has consistently been shown to be higher in adults with poor oral health. The oral diseases dental caries and gingivitis are highly prevalent in children worldwide. In Denmark, the prevalence of dental caries in children and adolescents is up to 35%, while it is estimated that 9 out of 10 in the general population have some level of gingivitis. Despite the high prevalence of oral diseases in children, and the associations between oral health and cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood, there is a scarcity of research on the effects of childhood oral health on cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. As such, the aim of this thesis is to first examine the usefulness of data from the National Child Odontology Registry for research purposes, and subsequently to examine the association between childhood oral health and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood.Data was collected from relevant Danish registries including the National Child Odontology Registry. First, available documentation for the National Child Odontology Registry was gathered to create a coherent timeline covering 1972 to the present day. Second, data from the registry was examined using descriptive statistics to identify the possibilities, and possible pitfalls, of using data from the register for research purposes. Next, register data was used to create cohorts of, respectively, 568,778 and 627,758 individuals born between 1963 and 1972, and registered in the National Child Odontology Register between 1972 and 1987. Follow-up lasted from 1995, or age 25 (whichever occurred last) and until 2018. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between childhood oral health and the risk of cardiometabolic disease in adulthood was produced using sex-stratified Cox-regression models with age during follow-up as the underlying time variable, and the highest achieved level of education between ages 25 and 30 as Cox-strata. Analyses were run with dental caries and gingivitis as the main exposure variables, with one set of analyses using type 2 diabetes as the outcome and another set using cardiovascular disease. Data from the National Child Odontology Registry was judged to be a valuable resource for research, though with some limitations. Compared to low levels of dental caries and gingivitis in childhood, high levels of dental caries and gingivitis were found to be associated with a higher incidence of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. There was indication that both the severity of oral disease as well as the age at which it occurred during childhood was associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood.As such, this thesis finds an association between childhood oral health and the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood, though results should be interpreted in the light of residual confounding, as well as a lack of knowledge on the potential biological mechanisms underlying the observed associations
Childhood Oral Health Associates with the Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke in Adulthood
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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