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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
HIV self testing uptake and associated factors in Cape Town: a contextual framework
No full textSouth Africa bears one of the highest HIV burdens globally, with nearly 8 million people living with the virus. Despite hosting the world's largest antiretroviral therapy (ART) program, HIV-related deaths remain significant, accounting for over 23% of all deaths in 2019. Early detection and timely initiation of ART are essential to prevent transmission, improve quality of life, and reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality. However, insufficient testing coverage among males and younger individuals remains a concern. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has emerged as a promising strategy to bridge these gaps, offering a private and convenient option for individuals hesitant to access healthcare facilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) endorses HIVST as a complementary approach to enhance access, particularly for populations underserved by traditional testing methods. While research has examined HIVST uptake in various settings, little is known about the specific factors influencing its adoption in Cape Town. Given South Africa's unique socio-economic landscape and the disparities between urban and rural areas, understanding the factors shaping HIVST uptake is crucial for developing tailored interventions. This thesis seeks to address this gap by investigating and analyzing the demographic, socio-economic, and community-level factors associated with HIVST uptake in Cape Town. Methods: This study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine HIV testing uptake and associated factors in Cape Town, South Africa, between January and December 2022. The analysis leveraged routine HIV Testing Services (HTS) programmatic data collected by the Anova Health Institute. The dataset included a total of 266,284 observations: 30,785 for HIV self-testing (HIVST) and 235,499 for conventional HIV testing. Data were drawn from individuals aged 18 years and older across the eight subdistricts of the Cape Town metropolitan area: Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western, Khayelitsha, Klipfontein, Mitchells Plain, and Tygerberg. The data, comprising sociodemographic details and testing information, were deidentified with formal permission from Anova Health Institute and the Department of Health. Individual-level data was recorded through consent forms and HTS registers and subsequently transferred to Red Cap and Power BI for quality checks and analysis. Community-level data, including the number of healthcare facilities, new and registered ART patients, and child acute malnutrition rates, were sourced from City of Cape Town health profiles (2021). Predictors were selected based on a socio-ecological framework, capturing both individual- and community-level factors. Individual-level variables included age, gender, and HIV testing history. Community-level factors encompassed healthcare access (number of healthcare facilities), HIV burden (number of registered and new ART patients), and socioeconomic status (child acute malnutrition rate). Descriptive statistics summarize the frequencies of HIVST, and conventional testing variables stratified by subdistrict, alongside community-level factors. A bivariate logistic regression model was conducted to assess associations between individual predictors and HIV testing options. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression model was employed to evaluate the influence of both individual- and community-level predictors on HIV testing choices (conventional vs. HIVST). Odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals to quantify these associations. This methodology integrates diverse data sources and robust statistical approaches, enabling a comprehensive examination of the factors influencing the uptake of HIV self-testing in Cape Town. Results: The study had a sample size of 265,063 of which 234,853 (88.60%) had utilized conventional HIV testing method and 30,210 (11.40%) opting for self-testing. Majority of individuals undergoing conventional testing are adults aged 25- 49 (63.16%), followed by older adults aged 50+ (17.16%). Similarly, for self-testing, most users are also within the 25-49 age group (63.84%), but there is a higher proportion of young adults aged 20-24 choosing self-testing (23.72%) compared to conventional testing (15.59%). Additionally, adolescents aged 18-19 are more likely to opt for self-testing (7.75%) than conventional testing (4.08%). Regarding gender, females constitute a larger share of those undergoing conventional testing (65.62%) compared to males (34.38%). The trend is similar for self-testing, where females account for 65.32%, and males make up 34.68%. In terms of the last HIV test, self-testing is more prevalent among individuals who were tested within the past 12 months (63.51%), while conventional testing is more common among those whose last test was over a year ago. Subdistrict analysis shows that conventional testing is most frequent in Tygerberg (20.06%) and Khayelitsha (16.87%), followed by Western (13.24%) and Eastern (12.45%). In contrast, self-testing is more widely utilized in Western (19.38%), Southern (15.33%), and Mitchell's Plain (16.97%). The bivariate logistic regression indicated that age was a significant factor influencing self-testing preferences, with the likelihood of using HIVST decreasing with age. Individuals aged 20‐24 had 20% lower odds of using self‐testing compared to adolescents aged 18‐19 (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.76–0.85, p < 0.005). Those aged 25‐49 had 47% lower odds compared to the adolescent group (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.51–0.56, p < 0.005), and adults aged 50 and above had 86% lower odds (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.13–0.15, p < 0.005). Additionally, for facility testing those who had tested for HIV within the last 12 months were more inclined towards self‐testing. In contrast, individuals who last tested more than 12 months ago were 77% less likely to choose self‐testing (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.22–0.25, p < 0.005), and those who had never been tested were 40% less likely (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.54–0.67, p < 0.005) to use self‐testing. HIVST was more popular among people living in areas with a high concentration of registered ART patients. Specifically, the odds of choosing self‐testing increased by 32% in high-density areas (≥30,001 registered ART patients) (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.28–1.37, p < 0.005) and by 53% in medium-density areas (20,001–30,000 registered ART patients) (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.49–1.58, p < 0.005), compared to areas with fewer than 20,000 registered ART patients. On the other hand, people living in areas with a higher number of healthcare facilities were more likely to choose conventional HIV testing. The odds of self‐testing decreased by 15% in subdistricts with a medium number of healthcare facilities (15–25 facilities) (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.82–0.87, p < 0.005) and by 27% in areas with a high number of facilities (26 or more) (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.71–0.76, p < 0.005), relative to areas with fewer than 15 facilities. Additionally, communities with a high number of newly enrolled ART patients (≥2,901) showed a 31% lower likelihood of opting for self-testing (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.67–0.72, p < 0.005). Subdistrict variations were evident, with Southern (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.94–2.13, p < 0.005) and Mitchell's Plain (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 2.03–2.23, p < 0.005) showing more than twice the odds of self‐testing compared to the Eastern subdistrict. Other subdistricts with significantly higher odds of self-testing included Western (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.56–1.71, p < 0.005) and Klipfontein (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06–1.18, p < 0.005). Conversely, Northern (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.48–0.55, p < 0.005), Tygerberg (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.52–0.57, p < 0.005), and Khayelitsha (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83–0.91, p < 0.005) had significantly lower odds. Finally, testing preferences assessed through the multivariate logistic regression model highlighted the influence of both individual- and community-level factors. Consistent with the bivariate analysis findings, age remained a strong predictor of HIVST. Individuals aged 20–24 had 23% lower odds of using self-testing compared to those aged 18–19 (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.73–0.82, p < 0.005), while those aged 25–49 had 49% lower odds (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.48–0.53, p < 0.005). The oldest age group (50 years and above) had 86% lower odds of choosing self-testing compared to the youngest group (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.13–0.15, p < 0.005). 5 Individuals residing in communities with a medium (20,001–30,000) and high (≥30,001) number of registered ART patients had 240% (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 3.18–3.65) and 182% (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 2.70– 2.96, p < 0.005) higher odds of using self-testing, respectively, compared to those in areas with low ART caseloads (<20,000). Additionally, living in areas with more newly enrolled ART patients was negatively associated with self- testing. Residing in communities with a medium number of new ART patients (1,800–2,900) was associated with 68% lower odds of self-testing (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.29–0.34, p < 0.001), while living in areas with a high number of new ART initiations (≥2,901) was associated with 81% lower odds (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.18–0.21, p < 0.001), compared to areas with a low number of new ART patients (<1,800). Unlike in the bivariate analysis, gender also played a significant role in the multivariate model, with females having 8% lower odds of choosing self-testing compared to males (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90– 0.94, p < 0.005). Additionally, individuals who received a positive HIV test result had 9% lower odds of having used self-testing compared to those who tested negative (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84–0.98, p = 0.005). The number of healthcare facilities was also positively associated with self-testing uptake. Living in areas with a medium (15–25) or high (≥26) number of healthcare facilities increased the odds of self-testing by 13% and 34%, respectively (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09–1.17, p < 0.005; and OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.26–1.43, p < 0.005), compared to areas with a low number of facilities (0–14). Conclusion: In conclusion, the study underscores the complex interplay of individual and community-level factors influencing HIV testing preferences in Cape Town. Younger age, recent HIV testing history, male gender, and residence in areas with higher number of registered ART patient and more healthcare facilities were associated with increased likelihood of HIV self-testing (HIVST). Conversely, older age, female gender, living in communities with more newly initiated ART clients, and receiving a positive HIV diagnosis were linked to a lower likelihood of using HIVST. Geographic disparities across subdistricts further highlight the need for targeted, context-specific strategies to enhance HIV testing uptake, particularly among underrepresented groups, and to optimize the reach and impact of self-testing interventions
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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