1,720,958 research outputs found
Theory of Cycles of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky: View from the XXI Century
Get PDFThe paper is devoted to the theory of cycles of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, the scientific premises for the concept’s formation, the main stages of its development and the historical fate of Tugan-Baranovsky’s doctrine and its role in the advancement of the idea of long-wave economic dynamics. In the first phase (from 1847 to 1894), scientists have tried to figure out the causes of economic crises. The concepts of S. J. Loyd, W. S. Jevons, C. Juglar, E. Laveleye, S. Sismondi, K. Marx and F. Engels are investigated.
The second stage (from 1894 to 1919) is linked with the name of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky. Three lifetime editions of his master's thesis are analyzed, the relationship between simple commodity production and capitalist economy is shown. The advantages and disadvantages of the reproduction schemes of M. I. Tugan-Baranowsky, as well as the reasons for the success of his theory of cycles are described.
The third stage (from 1922) in the development of the cycle theory is associated with the name of N. D. Kondratiev who was the student of M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky.
He created the theory of long-wave cycles conditions. The paper details the contribution of Joseph A. Schumpeter, who tried to link the short-term, medium-term and long-term fluctuations in market conditions. In 1910-1940 years the questions of understanding the nature of innovation, their role in the development of society and the link between innovation and long conjuncture cycles come to the fore. The period 1940-1970 characterized by increasing the role of macro-economic analysis in the study of the cycles theory. The present time is characterized by the cycle theories which can be described as the alternative approach: institutionalism, evolutionary economics, management (innovation management)
"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" J. M. Keynes: Background, Methodology and Specific Interpretations
No full textThe paper was prepared for the 80-th anniversary of publishing of John Maynard Keynes’ “General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. It discusses the stages of the economist’s life, the main books written prior to "The General Theory ...". Particular attention is devoted to the development issues of the monetary policy in the works of "Indian Currency and Finance", ”A Tract on Monetary Reform” and "A Treatise on Money". A special section is dedicated to the analysis of Keynes’ methodology, its logic and structure, influenced by John. E. Moore. The paper reveals the unity and the difference in approaches of A. Marshall and John M. Keynes, and explores new categories of behavioral economics and marginal analysis, which established the success of "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", shows the value of Keynes's theory for the further development of macroeconomics.
Particular attention is paid to the popularization of Keynes's ideas from the initial interpretations of "The General Theory ..." to the neoclassical synthesis and further to neo-Keynesianism and post-Keynesianism. The paper studies the unity and the distinction between Hicks’ and American Keynesianism. Hicksian assumptions of a savings-investment function have determined the features of the IS-LM model. The contributions to the development of Keynesianism A. Hansen and P. A. Samuelson are also shown, as well as the history of the "Keynesian Cross". A comparative analysis of the neoclassical and Keynesian models of general economic equilibrium is given and analyzes the institutional reasons explaining differences between neoclassical and Keynesian paradigms.
A special section is devoted to the Keynesian theory of growth, showing unity and difference of R. Harrod and E. Domar models, along with their impact on the creation of Development Economics. Simplified understanding of Keynes's legacy has caused the emergence of unorthodox Keynesianism. The paper focuses on the contributions of R. Clower and A. Leijonhufvud to grasping the role of uncertainty and expectations in the original concepts of Keynes and his contributions to the study of disequilibrium economy. Finally, we investigate the contribution of post-Keynesians (J. V. Robinson, P. Sraffa and N. Kaldor), the rise and the fall of the Phillips curve, as well as the criticism of the Keynesian doctrine given by the monetarists, adherents of supply-side economics, new classical economics, the theory of rational expectations and the public choice
Домохозяйства постсоветской России (институциональный анализ): 20 лет спустя
No full textThe article discusses the development of views on households in neoclassical,
Keynesian and institutional literature. It shows the advantages and disadvantages of
each of these approaches. Neoclassicists do not distinguish between individuals and
households. Keynesianism analyzed the investment and savings function of households,
showed its role in the revenue and expenditure cycle. However, it did not rise to genuine
political economy, since it failed to show the behavior of the main social groups and
their inherent interests. Institutional economic theory takes a step forward by showing
the dependence of households on the social environment. However, real households are
limited in collecting and processing information. Moreover, given the differentiation of
households, they possess these funds to varying degrees.
The population explosion in developing countries has exacerbated the problem of poverty
and has drawn attention to household economies, whose life expectancy has increased
in Asia, Africa and Latin America as a result of a sharp reduction in mortality and an
increase in life expectancy.
A special section is devoted to the institutional change of households in post-Soviet
Russia. It shows what succeeded and failed to achieve over the past thirty yearsВ статье рассматривается развитие взглядов на домохозяйства в
неоклассической, кейнсианской и институциональной литературе. Показываются
достоинства и недостатки каждого из этих подходов. Неоклассики не проводят
различия между индивидами и домашними хозяйствами. Кейнсианство
проанализировало инвестиционно-сберегательную функцию домашних хозяйств,
показало ее роль в кругообороте доходов и расходов. Однако оно не поднялось до
подлинной политической экономии, поскольку не сумело показать особенности
поведения основных социальных групп и присущих им интересов. Шаг вперед
делает институциональная экономическая теория, показывая зависимость домашних
хозяйств от социальной среды. Однако реальные домохозяйства ограничены в
сборе и обработке информации. Тем более в условии дифференциации домашних
хозяйств они обладают этими средствами в разной степени.
Демографический взрыв в развивающихся странах обострил проблему бедности
и привлек внимание к экономике домашних хозяйств, продолжительность жизни
которых увеличилась в странах Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки в результате
резкого сокращения смертности и увеличения продолжительности жизни
населения.
Специальный раздел посвящен институциональному изменению домашних
хозяйств в постсоветской России. Показывается, чего удалось и чего не удалось
достичь за последние тридцать ле
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Doctrine of "Fair Price” by Thomas Aquinas: background, laws of development and specific interpretation
No full textThe paper is dedicated premises of origin and patterns of development of the doctrine of “fair price” Aquinas. Showing contradictions exchange of agricultural products to urban goods and services, resulting in a developed feudalism. For agricultural products incoming to the city market, the situation was characterized as the free competition, while medieval guild tried to create a monopoly conditions for the production and sale of its products, which objectively leads to distortion of prices. Under these conditions, the development of the problem of "fair price" becomes extremely important. The paper shows how scholasticism using theological methodology, trying to solve this problem.
Greed condemned, was considered evil and sin of avarice considered the source of all evils. This tradition goes back to the interpretation of the Gospel of Matthew John Chrysostom. Alexander Halensis one of the first attempted rehabilitation of commercial activities and even tried to criticize the position of the Pseudo-Chrysostom that the merchant is not pleasing to God. In the "sum of all theology" Alexander Halensis wrote that moral qualities profits depend on the circumstances of 6:
1. From the person selling (which allowed the laity, the monks are not allowed);
2. His intentions (satisfaction or desire for profit);
3. The method of sale (by fair means or fraud);
4. Time of trade (on weekdays or holidays, designed for prayer or service of God);
5. Selling place (in the market or in holy places);
6. Relationship to the buyers (which is expressed in the level - excessive or normal - the selling price).
Analyzes the rationale arguments to grounding the doctrine of "fair price", show the evolution of the concept during XII - XIV centuries, as well as its relationship with the teachings of the scholastics on the percentage. The paper deals with various estimates of the concept of "fair value" of Thomas Aquinas, resulting in the history of economic thought. Critically analyzed the "contribution" of Thomas Aquinas in the development of the labor theory of value. Such an ambiguous approach to a "fair" price led to what some researchers considered the forerunner of Thomas Aquinas, the cost of labor history: I. M. Kulisher (1906), R. H. Tawney (1926), J.-B. Kraus (1930), S. Hagenauer (1931), A. Fanfani (1935), O.V. Trachtenberg (1957), Y. Mike. (1994) - and others have tried to try on his views with utility theory (since it appeared demand Aquinas had to implement trade) trying to try two beginnings consumer and labor: H. Contzen (1869), E. Schreiber (1913), O. Scbilling (1923), R. De Roover (1958), R. M. Nureev (2005). Therefore, in the second half of the XX century, many researchers refuse to consider a "fair price" as the basis of cost, and steel is identified with its current market price: A. Sapori (1955), J. T. Noonan (1957), L. W. Baldwin (1959), Dr. T. Stetsyura (2010). The paper analyzes the arguments "pro" and "contra" in favor of each of these approaches
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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