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Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Chemotherapy in Lung Tuberculosis Part 4. Experimental, clinical, and statistical studies on the virulency of drug-resistant tubercle bacilli - the virulency of double-resistant tubercle bacilli-
Get PDFIn a series of animal and in vitro eyperiments on the virulency of double-resistant tubercle bacilli and in clinical and statistical observations concerning the virulency, the author obtained the following results. 1. In the virulency tests of tubercle bacilli by subcutaneous injection to guinea pigs the virulency of each doubleresistant tubercle bacilli of H(37)Rv strain for SM plus INH and PAS plus INH, the effect is represented by the virulency of INH-resistant bacilli, showing a marked diminution of the virulency. Moreover, the degree of such a decrease is in a proportion to the resistance against INH. 2. Likewise the virulency of SH plus INH-tow drug resistant bacilli isolated from patient, resembling closely to that of H(37)Rv-(SM+INH resistant) strain, is markedly diminished. Similar result is obtained by the bacilli isolated from those cultured in the medium containing SM. This suggests the existence of a high proportion of true-doubleresistant bacilli, and the virulency of this-true double-resistant bacilli seems to play a main role in the diminution of the virulency. 3. The catalase activity of the double-resistant bacilli, including the INH-resistant, is weakened or obliterated according to the degree of the resistance against INH, and consequently a close correlation can be recognized between the activity and the virulency. 4. Viewing the changes of symptoms in the so-called two-drug resistant cases clinically and statistically, their clinical progress is far better than that of SM-single resistant cases, and just as in the case of animal experiments this seems to be due to a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli being contained in the strain. In other words, it suggests that the virulency of the double-resistant bacilli is also somewhat diminished even in the human body. 5. Therefore, it is clinically quite important to know accurately the existence of the true-double-resistant bacilli that may be contained in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients, and the author advocates that the "crossculture test" devised by himself is well suited for such a purpose. 6, The author has been able to verify the existence of a high proportion of the true double-resistant bacilli in the so-called two-drug resistant strain of patients by his "crossculture test", and he calls attention to this method of approach. 7. As the results of treatment attempted systematically on the so-called two-drug resistant cases using various drugs, some satisfactory result can be expected in the treatment with different drugs to which no resistance has been shown, but the majority of cases with the concurrent use of the drug to which the resistance is already acquired fail to be effective. This fact clinically corroborates the inclusion of a high, percentage of the true double-resistant bacilli, and this agrees well with the result of previous animal experiments. The author points out that this point has a clinical significance worthy of attention
Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Chemotherapy in Lung Tuberculosis Part 3. Experimental, clinical and statistical studies on the virulency of drug-resistant tnbercle bacilli - the virulency of tubercle bacilli resistant to various drugs-
Get PDFBy isolating in vitro tubercle bacilli of H(37)Rv strain each resistant to SM, INH or PAS, composed of an equal population, and by inoculating these resistant bacilli into guina pigs hypodermically, the author conducted a series of experiments on the virulency of these organisms, and at the same time pursued clinically and statistically the changes in resistance of bacilli after acquiring the resistance as well as the clinical progress. The results are described in the following. 1. The virulency of SM-resistant bacilli is found to be about the same as that of susceptible bacilli, showing entirely no decrease in the virulency. Furthermore, there exists no fixed relationship between the degree of resistance and the virulency, but the virulency is quite high irrespective of the degree of resistance. 2. The virulency of INH-resistant bacilli is markedly decreased; moreover, it is lower in the 10 γ/cc resistant bacilli than in the 1 γ/cc resistent one, proving to be almost powerless, and it is revelaed that the higher the resistance conversely the lower is the virulency 3. The change of virulency in PAS-resistant bacilli is not so marked as that in INH-resistant bacilli, but it is clearly down nervertheless. However, no fixed correlation can be recognized between the resistance and virulency. 4. The catalase activity is either decreased or obliterated only by INH-resistant bacilli, and therc can be recognized a certain definite correlation between the activity and the degree of resistance as well as the virulency. 5. In pursuing the changes of resistance clinically and statistically, it is fixed and unchanged in the majority of SM-resistant bacilli; it is changeable and lowered in most of INH-resistant ones; and it is between the two in the case of PAS-resistant ones, showing a fall in the resistance. This seems to be due to the proliferative power of resistant bacilli in vivo, indicating a strong proliferative power in SM-resistant bacilli while a weakened proliferative power in INH-and PAS-resistant bacilli, which fact coincides well with the results of animal experiments. 6. As for the clinical course after acquiring the resistance, in general the INH-resistant cases and the PAS-resistant show a satisfactory progress, which agrees well with the results obtained in animal experiments, suggesting that even in the human body the virulency of bacilli is lowered to a certain degree
Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Chemotherapy in Lung Tuberculosis Part 1. A clinical study on the influence of chemotherapy on the liver function in lung tuberculosis -on the functional disturbances of the liver in lung tuberculosis-
Get PDFAs the basic study to elucidate the influences of chemotherapy on the liver function in lung tuberculosis the author summarily conducted various clinico-chemical examinations of the liver function in 126 cases of lung tuberculosis and studied the disturbances of the liver function in this disease. 1. Changes in the serum protein picture is especially marked, and by a decrease in albumin with the proportionate increase in globurin the rate of the decrease in A/G reaches as much as 52.4 per cent, showing in addition a significant correlation between the serum protein picture and the clinical of lung tuberculosis. 2. There is a significant mutual relationship between the clinical symptoms of lung tuberculosis and results of various examinations such as Gros' reaction, Takata' reaction, CCF, Ch-E and TTT tasts, revealing a high degree of disturbances in the liver parenchym in the advanced exsudative and open cases. 3. The case showing a rise in the icteric index is extremely rare, and there is not a single case that presented icteric sign as the result of the estimation of total bilirubin, cholesterol, and alkaliphosphatase. 4. Looking over the entire cases, the disturbances in the liver function have been recognized in 23.8 per cent; namely, 12.7 per cent in the minimal cases; 29.2 per cent in the moderately advanced cases; and 45.5 per cent in the far advanced cases. Although there is a mutual relationship between symptoms and the liver disturbance, there can be found not one case showing a critical disturbance. 5. From these results it is believed that the functional disturbance of the liver in lung tuberculosis is a mild symptom consisted mainly of the disturbance in the protein metabolism, caused by the chronic infection. 6. As for the routine work in the examination of the liver function in lung tuberculosis it is justifiable to conduct examinations of the serum protein picture, especially the picture of albumin and A/G, Gros' reaction, Takata' reaction, CCF, and Ch-E or TTT tests, and BSP test if necessary. It is moreover advisable to examine the icteric index for detection of the icteric sign, and to estimate the quantity of total bilirubin, cholesterol and alkaliphosphatase if necessary. 7. Although the results of such examinations are not specific to the lung tuberculosis, it is considered that the all-round examination has an extremely significant bearing on the accurate prognosis as these results coincide well with the intensity and progress of the disease
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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