120 research outputs found
Protocol for the detection of defined T cell clones in a heterogeneous cell population
No full textSummary: Identifying defined T cell clones within a polyclonal population is key to clarifying their phenotype and function. Here, we present a protocol for detecting specified T cell clones in a heterogeneous cell population. We describe steps for stimulating human CD4+ T cells isolated from blood with a protein antigen, sorting antigen-specific cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and detecting among these the presence of predefined T cell clones, based on their T cell receptor (TCR). TCR cDNA is amplified through 5′-RACE (TCR-SMART) and detected by qPCR.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Notarbartolo et al. (2021).1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics
Human T lymphocytes at tumor sites
No full textCD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes mediate most of the adaptive immune response against tumors. Naïve T lymphocytes specific for tumor antigens are primed in lymph nodes by dendritic cells. Upon activation, antigen-specific T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that migrate out of peripheral blood into tumor sites in an attempt to eliminate cancer cells. After accomplishing their function, most effector T cells die in the tissue, while a small fraction of antigen-specific T cells persist as long-lived memory cells, circulating between peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, to generate enhanced immune responses when re-encountering the same antigen. A subset of memory T cells, called resident memory T (T(RM)) cells, stably resides in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues and may provide rapid immunity independently of T cells recruited from blood. Being adapted to the tissue microenvironment, T(RM) cells are potentially endowed with the best features to protect against the reemergence of cancer cells. However, when tumors give clinical manifestation, it means that tumor cells have evaded immune surveillance, including that of T(RM) cells. Here, we review the current knowledge as to how T(RM) cells are generated during an immune response and then maintained in non-lymphoid tissues. We then focus on what is known about the role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T(RM) cells in antitumor immunity and their possible contribution to the efficacy of immunotherapy. Finally, we highlight some open questions in the field and discuss how new technologies may help in addressing them
Samuele R. Bacchiocchi and Family
No full textSeventh-day Adventist author and theologian, Samuele R. Bacchiocchi and his wife and their children at a graduation ceremony at Pontifical University
sd920/FIJI-macros-for-IHC-and-SHG-analysis: Batch Split Channels (3 channels)
No full textThis macro allows to split channels for Z-stack .tiff files and save them in a new folder in batch mode.
Author: Samuele Di Carmine, [email protected]
Version 1.0
July 13, 2021
//License: BSD3
Copyright 2021 Samuele Di Carmine, Imperial College Londo
Samuele R. Bacchiocchi
No full textSamuele R. Bacchiocchi was a Seventh-day Adventist author and theologian best known for his work on the Sabbath in Christianity, particularly in the historical work "From Sabbath to Sunday," based on his doctoral thesis from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Bacchiocchi defended the validity of the Feasts of the Lord, situated in Leviticus 23. He wrote two books on the subject. He was also known within the Seventh-day Adventist church for his opposition to rock and contemporary Christian music, jewelry, the celebration of Christmas and Easter, certain dress standards, and alcohol. This photograph was taken during a graduation ceremony from Pontifical University
SARS-CoV-2: A Glance at the Innate Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Vaccination
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to almost seven million deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 causes infection through respiratory transmission and can occur either without any symptoms or with clinical manifestations which can be mild, severe or, in some cases, even fatal. Innate immunity provides the initial defense against the virus by sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and triggering signaling pathways that activate the antiviral and inflammatory responses, which limit viral replication and help the identification and removal of infected cells. However, temporally dysregulated and excessive activation of the innate immune response is deleterious for the host and associates with severe COVID-19. In addition to its defensive role, innate immunity is pivotal in priming the adaptive immune response and polarizing its effector function. This capacity is relevant in the context of both SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
The Impact of the COVID-19 Emergency on Local Vehicular Traffic and Its Consequences for the Environment: The Case of the City of Reggio Emilia (Italy)
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Open AccessArticle
The Impact of the COVID-19 Emergency on Local Vehicular Traffic and Its Consequences for the Environment: The Case of the City of Reggio Emilia (Italy)
by Samuele Marinello 1,*OrcID,Francesco Lolli 1,2 andRita Gamberini 1,2OrcID
1
En&Tech Interdepartmental Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
2
Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010118
Received: 3 December 2020 / Revised: 21 December 2020 / Accepted: 22 December 2020 / Published: 24 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 8th World Sustainability Forum—Selected Papers)
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Abstract
The COVID-19 health emergency has imposed the need to limit and/or stop non-essential economic and commercial activities and movement of people. The objective of this work is to report an assessment of the change in vehicle flows and in air quality of a specific study area in the north of Italy, comparing the periods February–May 2020 and February–May 2019. Circulating vehicles have been measured at nine characteristic points of the local road network of the city of Reggio Emilia (Italy), while atmospheric pollutant concentrations have been analysed using data extracted from the regional air quality monitoring network. The results highlight a rapid decline in the number of vehicles circulating in 2020 (with values of up to −82%). This has contributed to a reduction in air concentrations of pollutants, in particular for NO2 and CO (over 30% and over 22%, respectively). On the other hand, O3 has increased (by about +13%), but this is expected. Finally, the particulate matter grew (about 30%), with a behaviour similar to the whole regional territory. The empirical findings of this study provide some indications and useful information to assist in understanding the effects of traffic blocking in urban areas on air quality
L'Alcesti di Samuele di Alberto Savinio: studio dell'opera e confronto con l'Alcesti di Euripide
No full textLa tesi si propone di confrontare l’Alcesti di Euripide, tragedia greca messa in scena nel 438 a.C. e l’Alcesti di Samuele di Alberto Savinio, rappresentata per la prima volta al Piccolo Teatro di Milano nel 1950. Il primo capitolo fornisce informazioni biografiche sull’autore. Il secondo capitolo raccoglie e descrive gli interventi sulla figura di Alcesti pubblicati da Savinio sui giornali ed esamina le fonti dell’opera teatrale. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all’illustrazione delle due opere. Nel quarto capitolo si procede all’analisi e al confronto. Nell’ultimo capitolo si presentano alcune considerazioni sul metateatro, sulla trama, sui personaggi e sui temi principali dell’Alcesti di Samuele.
The aim of this work is to compare the Greek tragedy Alcesti by Euripides, performed on stage in 438 B.C., with the Alcesti di Samuele by Alberto Savinio, first performed at the Piccolo Teatro in Milan in 1950. The first chapter provides biographical information about the Author. The second chapter collects and describes the works about the character of Alcesti published by Savinio on newspapers and examines the sources of the play. The third chapter is about the description of the two works. The fourth chapter contains their analysis and comparison. In the last chapter some considerations about metatheatre and about the plot, the characters and the main themes of the Alcesti di Samuele are carried out
T-Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination
No full textThe innate and adaptive immune systems collaborate to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, minimize the viral spread, and kill infected cells, ultimately leading to the resolution of the infection. The adaptive immune system develops a memory of previous encounters with the virus, providing enhanced responses when rechallenged by the same pathogen. Such immunological memory is the basis of vaccine function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, focusing on the pivotal role of T cells in establishing protective immunity against the virus. After providing an overview of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we describe the main features of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including cross-reactive T cells, generated in patients with different degrees of COVID-19 severity, and of Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by vaccines. Finally, we discuss T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants and hybrid immunity and conclude by highlighting possible strategies to improve the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination
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