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Dissociating gait from static appearance: A virtual reality study of the role of dynamic identity signatures in person recognition
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Can we recognize people based on their body-alone? The roles of body motion and whole person context.
No full textWhile most studies on person recognition examine the face alone, recent studies have shown evidence for the contribution of the body and gait to person recognition beyond the face. Nevertheless, little is known on whether person recognition can be performed based on the body alone. In this study, we examined two sources of information that may enhance body-based person recognition: body motion and whole person context. Body motion has been shown to contribute to person recognition especially when facial information is unclear. Additionally, generating whole person context, by attaching faceless heads to bodies, has been shown to activate face processing mechanisms and may therefore enhance body-based person recognition. To assess body-based person recognition, participants performed a sequential matching task in which they studied a video of a person walking followed by a headless image of the same or different identity. The role of body motion was examined by comparing recognition from dynamic vs. static headless bodies. The role of whole person context was examined by comparing bodies with and without faceless heads. Our findings show that body motion contributed to body-based person recognition, and person recognition from the body alone was better in dynamic vs. static displays. In addition, whole person context contributed to body-based person recognition when recognition was performed in static displays. Overall these findings show that recognizing people based on their body alone is challenging but can be performed under certain circumstances that enhance the processing of the body when seeing the whole person
Dissociating identity from gait: A virtual reality study of the role of dynamic identity signatures in person recognition
No full textStudies on person recognition have primarily examined recognition of static faces, presented on a computer screen at a close distance. Nevertheless, in naturalistic situations we typically see the whole dynamic person, often approaching from a distance. In such cases, facial information may be less clear, and the motion pattern of an individual, their dynamic identity signature (DIS), may be used for person recognition. Recently, several studies examined the role of motion in person recognition by presenting videos of people in motion. However, such stimuli do not allow for the dissociation of gait from identity, as different individuals differ both in their gait and their identity. To examine the role of gait independently from person identity in person recognition, we used a virtual environment, which enables presenting the same type of gait across different identities. Using this setting, we assessed the accuracy and distance at which identities are recognized based on their gait, as a function of gait distinctiveness. Furthermore, the virtual environment also enabled us to assess, for the first time, the distance at which a person is recognized as a continuous variable. We find that the accuracy and distance at which people were recognized increased with gait distinctiveness. Importantly, these effects were found when recognizing identities in motion but not from static displays, indicating that DIS rather than attention, enabled more accurate person recognition. Overall these findings highlight an important role for gait in real-life person recognition and stress that gait contributes to recognition independently from the face and body
Independent contributions of the face, body and gait to the representation of the whole person
No full textMost studies on person perception have primarily investigated static images of faces. However, real-life person perception involves also the body and often the gait of the whole person. Whereas some studies indicated that the face dominates the representation of the whole person, others have emphasized the additional contribution of the body and gait. Here, we compared models of whole person perception by asking whether a model that includes the body for static whole person stimuli and also the gait for dynamic whole person stimuli accounts better for the representation of the whole person than a model that takes into account the face alone. Participants rated the distinctiveness of static or dynamic displays of different people based on either the whole person, face, body, or gait. By fitting a linear regression model to the representation of the whole person based on the face, body and gait, we revealed that the face and body contribute uniquely and independently to the representation of the static whole person, and that gait further contributes to the representation of the dynamic person. A complementary analysis examined if these components are also valid dimensions of a whole person representational space. This analysis further confirmed that the body in addition to the face, as well as the gait are valid dimensions of the static and dynamic whole person representations, respectively. These data clearly show that whole person perception goes beyond the face and is significantly influenced by the body and gait
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dissociating gait from static appearance: A virtual reality study of the role of dynamic identity signatures in person recognition
No full textStudies on person recognition have primarily examined recognition of static faces, presented on a computer screen at a close distance. Nevertheless, in naturalistic situations we typically see the whole dynamic person, often approaching from a distance. In such cases, facial information may be less clear, and the motion pattern of an individual, their dynamic identity signature (DIS), may be used for person recognition. Studies that examined the role of motion in person recognition, presented videos of people in motion. However, such stimuli do not allow for the dissociation of gait from face and body form, as different identities differ both in their gait and static appearance. To examine the contribution of gait in person recognition, independently from static appearance, we used a virtual environment, and presented across participants, the same face and body form with different gaits. The virtual environment also enabled us to assess the distance at which a person is recognized as a continuous variable. Using this setting, we assessed the accuracy and distance at which identities are recognized based on their gait, as a function of gait distinctiveness. We find that the accuracy and distance at which people were recognized increased with gait distinctiveness. Importantly, these effects were found when recognizing identities in motion but not from static displays, indicating that DIS rather than attention, enabled more accurate person recognition. Overall these findings highlight that gait contributes to person recognition beyond the face and body and stress an important role for gait in real-life person recognition
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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