1,720,964 research outputs found
Physical Environment and Crime in Milwaukee Neighborhoods
No full textNeighborhood physical condition and crime is a topic that has been heavily debated since Wilson and Kelling’s (1982) famous broken windows theory article. While previous research has identified a positive link between disorder, certain land uses, and crime, the direction and magnitude of the effect may vary depending on neighborhood characteristics such as socioeconomic status (Teh, 2008; Greenberg et al., 1982) or ability of residents to exert informal social control (Gault & Silver, 2008; Sampson & Raudenbush, 1999). The following study uses data from Milwaukee census tracts (N=210) and maximum likelihood estimation to test the effect of neighborhood physical condition variables on violent crime, as well as test for interaction effects between physical environment variables and social disorganization variables. Counts of nuisance vehicles and boarded-up property violations, criminal damage rate, and counts of liquor licenses had a small, positive effect on violent crime. Proportion of vacant land and percent black population had large, positive effects on violent crime. Results of interaction models illustrated that the magnitude and direction of the effect of physical environment variables on violent crime often changed dramatically for neighborhoods with different levels of social disorganization, specifically the socioeconomic status and racial composition of a neighborhood. These findings demonstrate that it may not be enough to simply control for neighborhood characteristics because doing so may mask important differences in the effects of physical environment variables on crime
Physical Environment and Crime in Milwaukee Neighborhoods
Full text linkNeighborhood physical condition and crime is a topic that has been heavily debated since Wilson and Kelling’s (1982) famous broken windows theory article. While previous research has identified a positive link between disorder, certain land uses, and crime, the direction and magnitude of the effect may vary depending on neighborhood characteristics such as socioeconomic status (Teh, 2008; Greenberg et al., 1982) or ability of residents to exert informal social control (Gault & Silver, 2008; Sampson & Raudenbush, 1999). The following study uses data from Milwaukee census tracts (N=210) and maximum likelihood estimation to test the effect of neighborhood physical condition variables on violent crime, as well as test for interaction effects between physical environment variables and social disorganization variables. Counts of nuisance vehicles and boarded-up property violations, criminal damage rate, and counts of liquor licenses had a small, positive effect on violent crime. Proportion of vacant land and percent black population had large, positive effects on violent crime. Results of interaction models illustrated that the magnitude and direction of the effect of physical environment variables on violent crime often changed dramatically for neighborhoods with different levels of social disorganization, specifically the socioeconomic status and racial composition of a neighborhood. These findings demonstrate that it may not be enough to simply control for neighborhood characteristics because doing so may mask important differences in the effects of physical environment variables on crime
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Exploring the Accessibility, Affordability, and Equitability of Telecontraception Platforms and Their Implications for Reproductive Health Care
No full textTelemedicine has skyrocketed to national attention with the COVID-19 crisis, raising questions about how to best use virtual tools to support public health. One emerging sector of telemedicine is the rise of telecontraception platforms, such as Nurx, Pill Club, and Planned Parenthood Direct. Known as “the Uber for birth control”, these platforms represent a growing market and innovative approach that aim to address barriers to obtaining birth control such as geography, cost, time, and gatekeeping by providing contraception and other sexual and reproductive healthcare services directly to consumers (Sundstrom et al. 2019; Grindlay and Grossman 2016; Chuck 2017; Stormo et al. 2011). Contraception historically was and currently is riddled with red tape for women trying to access critical care they need to make decisions about their own bodies and lives. Telecontraception represents an important potential solution to these long-standing issues, yet its impact on women and health care has not yet been studied in depth. What are telecontraception platforms adding to the current landscape of reproductive health care? What problems are they solving and where are they falling short? Using mixed methods, this research aims to address this gap by exploring the accessibility, affordability, and equitability of these growing platforms. Findings illustrate telecontraception alleviates many existing access barriers. Yet there are mixed findings regarding affordability and equitability. Cost, insurance, and state availability limit the scope of telecontraception and mirror existing systemic challenges women face on the ground. This carries important implications because this research also found that the majority of women across the United States expressed strong pregnancy avoidance attitudes regardless of subgroup. Having a large presence of women legislators alongside other state conditions was linked to telecontraception availability in Republican and Democrat politically controlled states, suggesting that gender and having women in positions of power, in combination with other political, social, and economic state-level factors, is another growing and important factor to consider in advocating for issues related to women such as reproductive rights and policy. Overall, this project identifies areas of progress and opportunities for improvement not only for telecontraception but for health apps and telemedicine more broadly
Exploring the Accessibility, Affordability, and Equitability of Telecontraception Platforms and Their Implications for Reproductive Health Care
Full text linkTelemedicine has skyrocketed to national attention with the COVID-19 crisis, raising questions about how to best use virtual tools to support public health. One emerging sector of telemedicine is the rise of telecontraception platforms, such as Nurx, Pill Club, and Planned Parenthood Direct. Known as “the Uber for birth control”, these platforms represent a growing market and innovative approach that aim to address barriers to obtaining birth control such as geography, cost, time, and gatekeeping by providing contraception and other sexual and reproductive healthcare services directly to consumers (Sundstrom et al. 2019; Grindlay and Grossman 2016; Chuck 2017; Stormo et al. 2011). Contraception historically was and currently is riddled with red tape for women trying to access critical care they need to make decisions about their own bodies and lives. Telecontraception represents an important potential solution to these long-standing issues, yet its impact on women and health care has not yet been studied in depth. What are telecontraception platforms adding to the current landscape of reproductive health care? What problems are they solving and where are they falling short? Using mixed methods, this research aims to address this gap by exploring the accessibility, affordability, and equitability of these growing platforms. Findings illustrate telecontraception alleviates many existing access barriers. Yet there are mixed findings regarding affordability and equitability. Cost, insurance, and state availability limit the scope of telecontraception and mirror existing systemic challenges women face on the ground. This carries important implications because this research also found that the majority of women across the United States expressed strong pregnancy avoidance attitudes regardless of subgroup. Having a large presence of women legislators alongside other state conditions was linked to telecontraception availability in Republican and Democrat politically controlled states, suggesting that gender and having women in positions of power, in combination with other political, social, and economic state-level factors, is another growing and important factor to consider in advocating for issues related to women such as reproductive rights and policy. Overall, this project identifies areas of progress and opportunities for improvement not only for telecontraception but for health apps and telemedicine more broadly
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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