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The Impact of Expanding Retail Sales Channels for Over-the-counter Medicines on Medication Safety
No full textItsehoito tarjoaa yksilölle mahdollisuuden edistää ja ylläpitää terveyttään. Itsehoidon avulla kansalaisilla on myös mahdollisuus ottaa enemmän vastuuta terveydestään joko terveydenhuollon ammattilaisen tuella tai itsenäisesti. Itsehoitolääkkeet ovat keskeinen osa itsehoitoa ja oikein käytettyinä ne ovat turvallinen ja vaikuttava hoitomuoto. Niiden käyttöön kuitenkin liittyy riskejä, joita voidaan ehkäistä esimerkiksi farmaseuttisella lääkeneuvonnalla.
Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia mahdollisia lääkitysturvallisuusriskejä ja riskien vaikutuksia lääkkeen käyttäjän, sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujärjestelmän sekä muun yhteiskunnan näkökulmasta tilanteessa, jossa itsehoitolääkkeiden myyntikanavia laajennetaan apteekkien ulkopuolelle. Lisäksi tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia keinoja esiin nousevien lääkitysturvallisuusriskien hallitsemiseksi.
Tämä laadullinen tutkimus toteutettiin moniammatillisina fokusryhmähaastatteluina, joihin osallistui terveydenhuollon eri alojen asiantuntijoita (n=18). Aineisto analysoitiin abduktiivisen sisällönanalyysin avulla laadullisen aineiston käsittelyohjelmassa (Atlas.ti). Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä käytettiin James Reasonin ennakoivan riskienhallinnan teoriaa. Sisällönanalyysissa analyysiyksiköistä muodostettiin samankaltaisuuden perusteella pääluokat (n=3), yläluokat (n=7), väliluokat (n=33) ja alaluokat (n=104). Pääluokat ovat itsehoitolääkkeiden myyntikanavien laajentamiseen liittyvät riskit, riskien vaikutukset ja riskien hallintakeinot.
Asiantuntijat arvioivat, että itsehoitolääkkeiden myyntikanavien laajentaminen voisi vaikeuttaa lääke- ja terveysneuvonnan saatavuutta, mikä voisi johtaa lääkkeiden virheelliseen tai tarpeettomaan käyttöön. Oikean hoidon viivästyminen voisi johtaa sairauden pahenemiseen. Uudistus voisi myös kuormittaa sosiaali- ja terveydenhuoltoa, jos turhat lääkärikäynnit lisääntyvät tai potilastapaukset monimutkaistuvat hoidon viivästymisen seurauksena. Lisäksi riskinä on, että apteekkipalveluiden saavutettavuus heikkenee, jos apteekkitoiminnan taloudellinen kannattavuus heikkenee. Riskejä voidaan pyrkiä hallitsemaan järjestämällä mahdollisuus lääkeneuvontaan kaikkiin myyntipaikkoihin, laajentamalla myyntikanavia lääkkeiden riskeihin perustuen, asettamalla myyntirajoituksia sekä valvomalla säädösten noudattamista.
Tämän tutkimuksen pohjalta voidaan todeta, että uudistuksen riskit tulee arvioida ennakoivasti sekä arvioida riskien hallintakeinojen todellinen toteutettavuus ja tarvittavat resurssit. Uudistuksen toteutuessa se tulee toteuttaa lääkitysturvallisuus edellä perustuen tutkimustietoon. Lisäksi uudistuksen lääkitysturvallisuusvaikutuksia tulee seurata.Self-care provides individuals with the opportunity to promote and maintain their health. Through self-care, citizens also have possibility to take more responsibility for their health, either with the support of a healthcare professional or independently. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are a key component of self-care, and when used correctly, they are a safe and effective form of treatment. However, their use involves risks, which can be mitigated, for example, through pharmaceutical counselling.
The aim of this study was to examine potential medication safety risks and the impacts of these risks from perspectives of consumers, the social and healthcare system, and society in a scenario where OTC medicines retail sales channels are expanded beyond pharmacies. Additionally, the study aimed to explore ways to manage the emerging medication safety risks.
This qualitative study was conducted through multidisciplinary focus group discussions with experts from various fields of healthcare (n=18). The data were analysed using abductive content analysis with qualitative data processing program (Atlas.ti). James Reason’s theory of proactive risk management served as the theoretical framework for the study. In the content analysis, analytical units were categorized based on similarity into main categories (n=3), upper categories (n=7), intermediate categories (n=33), and subcategories (n=104). The main categories are the risks associated with expanding OTC medicines retail sales channels, the impacts of these risks, and the means of risk management.
The experts assessed that expanding OTC medicines retail sales channels may hinder access to medication and health counselling, potentially leading to incorrect or unnecessary medication use. Delayed access to appropriate treatment may result in worsening health conditions. The reform could also increase the burden on the social and healthcare system if unnecessary doctor visits rise or if patient cases become more complex due to treatment delays. sAdditionally, there is a risk that access to pharmacy services may decline if the financial viability of pharmacy operations weakens. The risks could potentially be managed by ensuring access to pharmaceutical counselling at all retail sales channels, expanding retail sales channels based on medicine risks, imposing sales restrictions, and enforcing regulatory compliance.
Based on this study, it can be concluded that the risks associated with the reform should be assessed proactively, along with the feasibility and resource requirements of risk management measures. If the reform is implemented, it should be executed with a primary focus on medication safety and be based on research evidence. Furthermore, the medication safety impacts of the reform should be continuously monitored
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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