25,160 research outputs found
Place attachment of Ngāi Te Ahi to Hairini Marae
No full textTwelve members of Ngāi Te Ahi, a hapū from Tauranga, were interviewed to explore how they talk about their place attachment to Hairini Marae. This was organized around five key dimensions of place attachment taken from the literature—continuity, distinctiveness, symbolism, attachment and familiarity. We found that in discussing all dimensions, place attachment was equally about social and cultural relationships, history, and socialization. Place attachment for groups such as Māori is complex because it encompasses all social relationships past and present. The implication for those working with Māori is to take seriously the wider connotations of place when talking to Māori about marae, traditional homelands, and their land
“BODY-SNATCHING”: Changes to coroners legislation and possible Māori responses
No full textThe term body-snatcher has enjoyed a renaissance in the media recently, as various Māori have moved to reclaim their deceased relations. From a Māori perspective, the claiming of bodies has nothing to do with body-snatching, a term that referred to episodes in the West. Indeed, Māori may see some laws themselves as instruments that snatch the body, in contravention of Māori customs. One of these laws, the Coroners Act 2006, may have made some progress by quietly acknowledging these customs in many ways, but that is merely the start of a greater dialogue between Māori and the Crown in relation to proper Māori respect of the dead body
Reconnecting whānau: Pathways to recovery for Māori with bipolar disorder
No full textWhile Māori are known to experience a higher burden of mental health and addiction problems compared to non-Māori (Baxter, 2008), little exploratory research has been conducted into Māori experiences of bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar disorder is at times regarded as a “life sentence”, with little hope of recovery. The recovery- focused mental health literature, however, argues wellness is achievable for even the most intractable conditions (Lapsley, Nikora, & Black, 2002; Mental Health Commission, 2001). The aim of this research was to gather information about the experiences of Māori who were diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Interviews were conducted with 22 Māori wāhine (women) and tāne (men), and using thematic analyses, themes relevant to their life stories were uncovered. This research sought to contribute to the realisation of Māori potential by explicitly shifting from deficit- focused frameworks to a focus on systemic factors that influenced Māori wellbeing. Highlights were that whānau (participants) who were connected with friends, partners and family were motivated to achieve wellness and to stay well
'Te Kawau Mārō' The Role of Media in Revitalising Te Reo Māori
No full textThe intent of this thesis is to investigate the role media plays in relation to the revitalisation of te reo Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand society. This is essential as the media's latent potential is often underestimated and therefore underutilised.
For Māori and inevitably te reo Māori, media has been a topic of heated contestation for over a century. It is postulated that throughout this troubled history, media's influence has contributed to an erosion of te reo Māori and then conversely, since the late 20th century, its attempted revival. The journey of te reo Māori from past to present may be likened to a voyage of a traditional 'waka hourua' (voyaging or double hulled canoe). 'Nga ngaru e toru' ('three waves') illustrates the three stages that I have defined as catalysts significantly impacting te reo Māori.
Grounded firmly in a Kaupapa Māori methodological and theoretical framework based on careful research and intimate cultural knowledge, my innovative approaches to language revitalisation entitled the Tapatoru (triangle) Model 1 and Tapatoru Model 2 will be introduced and explained. These distinct language revitalisation paradigms illustrate the core ingredients needed in effective language revival and illustrate the positioning and function of the media within these strategic models
Constitutional Disobedience? Civil Disobedience, Accountability, and Te Tiriti o Waitangi
No full textThis paper recognises te Tiriti o Waitangi as the founding document of Aotearoa New Zealand, and therefore the centre of the constitutional framework. Traversing existing civil disobedience theory, the author proposes a philosophy of ‘constitutional disobedience’ as a means of upholding te Tiriti. The author argues that te Tiriti is the foundation of governmental legitimacy and social cooperation by drawing parallels with civil disobedience theory and adapting it to the Aotearoa context. The paper presents ‘constitutional disobedience’ as a principled collective act with a communicative function aimed at governmental accountability to te Tiriti. The author contends that such disobedience strengthens the legitimacy of the government, and therefore constitutional democracy. While legal justifications for constitutional disobedience remain speculative, the author asserts that moral justification exists when a civil disobedient addresses Tiriti breaches as a last resort. The paper calls for a shift in public perception, urging respect for those who challenge illegitimate government power – power that is exercised in breach of te Tiriti. Ultimately, the author articulates constitutional disobedience as a crucial aspect of the ongoing struggle for constitutional transformation, emphasising the counterintuitive role that constitutional disobedience plays in guarding the legitimacy of government in Aotearoa
Tijd om werk te maken van uitvoeringskracht
No full textNu de grote opgaven waar Nederland voor staat bekend zijn, is het volgens hoogleraar gebiedsontwikkeling Co Verdaas en SKG-directeur Tom Daamen zaak om de benodigde uitvoeringskracht te organiseren. Maar wat is dat precies?Practice Chair Urban Area DevelopmentUrban Development Managemen
A Way Forward for Te Reo Maori in English-Medium Education
No full textAotearoa is the home of the Māori people and their language; te reo Māori. When European settlers arrived, they brought with them a new language; English. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 and guaranteed Māori rangatiratanga (chiefly control) over their taonga, including te reo Māori. Over the years a negative language shift has occurred with many Māori moving from speaking te reo Māori to English. Although many initiatives, such as kōhanga reo were implemented in the 1980s, te reo Māori is still in a critical state. This research project is about te reo Māori experiences of both Māori and non-Māori whom were all attached to a English-medium primary school in Aotearoa/New Zealand. This study sought to understand the ways in which te reo Māori was being passed on, or not, from person to person and from one generation to the next
Revealing the role of early immune responses to control MERS-CoV infection in a camelid model
No full textEl coronavirus de la síndrome respiratòria de l’Orient Mitjà (en anglès, MERS-CoV) causa una elevada letalitat a les persones. Es pensa que aquest patogen zoonòtic emergent ha evolucionat a partir d’un coronavirus de rat penat, però el dromedari és l’única font confirmada d’infecció zoonòtic. Malgrat la reducció global de casos de MERS des de 2015, el virus segueix essent enzoòtic en dromedaris de la Península Aràbiga i Àfrica.
A les persones, els casos greus associats a la infecció per MERS-CoV són la conseqüència d’un dany alveolar difús. Pel contrari, els camèlids, el principal reservori del virus, són portadors asimptomàtics del MERS-CoV, fet que suggereix un paper fonamental de la resposta immunitària innata en el control de la infecció en aquests animals.
L’objectiu de l’estudi I d’aquesta tesi doctoral avaluà la transcripció de gens involucrats en la resposta immunitària en el tracte respiratori d’alpaques infectades amb MERS-CoV Qatar15/2015 (clade B). Els IFN tipus I i III es van transcriure al seu màxim nivell només a la mucosa nasal de les alpaques i en concomitància amb el pic de la infecció (moment de màxima càrrega vírica al tracte respiratori), fet que es va donar 2 dies després de la infecció (dpi). Aquesta transcripció es va associar a la inducció de gens estimulats per interferó (ISG) al llarg de tot el tracte respiratori. Simultàniament a la infiltració focal lleu de leucòcits a la mucosa i submucosa nasal, també es va observar una regulació positiva de la citocina antiinflamatòria IL10 i una transcripció esmorteïda de gens proinflamatoris sota el control de NF-κB. En el pulmó, la transcripció primerenca (1 dpi) de quimiocines (CCL2 i CCL3) es va correlacionar amb una acumulació lleu i transitòria de leucòcits principalment mononuclears. Una regulació estricta dels IFNs en pulmons amb expressió de ISGs i una resposta inflamatòria controlades podrien contribuir a l’eliminació del virus sense causar dany tissular. Per tant, la mucosa nasal, la principal diana del MERS-CoV en camèlids, és fonamental per impulsar una resposta immunitària innata eficient basada en l’activació d’ISGs, així com dels efectes antiinflamatoris duals dels IFNs de tipus III i l’IL10.
Tots els virus epidèmics contemporanis pertanyen al clade B. Per tant, les soques d’aquest clade B sembla que tenen avantatges adaptatives sobre el clade A en persones i hostes reservoris. A l’estudi II d’aquesta tesi doctoral es va comparar una soca de clade A de les epidèmies inicials (EMC / 2012) amb una soca de la clade B (Jordan-1/2015) en un model d’alpaca que avaluà paràmetres virològics i immunològics. A més, la soca Jordan-1/2015 té una deleció parcial d’aminoàcids (aa) en el motif d’unió de l’ARN bicatenari (ds) de la proteïna del marc de lectura oberta 4a (ORF4a). Els animals inoculats amb la soca Jordan-1/2015 van tenir una major replicació del MERS-CoV al tracte respiratori i una major disseminació viral nasal, fet que indicaria una millor aptitud i capacitat de transmissió que la seva contrapart de la soca del clade A. A la mucosa nasal, la soca Jordan-1/2015 va provocar una resposta primerenca d’IFNs a 1 dpi, cosa que confirmaria el paper de l’ORF4a com antagonista d’IFNs en condicions in vivo. No obstant, les dues soques van provocar la màxima transcripció d’ISGs durant el pic de la infecció (2 dpi), correlacionant-se amb una disminució de les càrregues víriques tissulars (evident a 3 dpi). L’anàlisi d’alineació del genoma va mostrar diverses substitucions d’aa específiques del clade B que es produeixen a la replicasa i la proteïna S, fet que podria explicar una millor adaptació de les soques del clade B en els camèlids.El coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (del inglés, MERS-CoV) causa una alta letalidad en los seres humanos. Se cree que éste patógeno ha evolucionado a partir de un coronavirus de murciélago, pero el dromedario es la única fuente confirmada de infección zoonótica. A pesar de la reducción global de casos de MERS desde 2015, el virus sigue siendo enzoótico en dromedarios en la Península Arábiga y África.
En los seres humanos, los casos graves asociados a la infección por MERS-CoV son la consecuencia de un daño alveolar difuso. Por el contrario, los camélidos, el principal reservorio del virus, son portadores asintomáticos del MERS-CoV, lo que sugiere un papel crucial de la respuesta inmunitaria innata en el control de la infección en estos animales.
El objetivo del estudio I de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar la transcripción de genes involucrados en la respuesta inmune en el tracto respiratorio de alpacas infectadas con MERS-CoV Qatar15/2015 (clado B). Los IFN tipo I y III se transcribieron a su máximo nivel sólo en la mucosa nasal de las alpacas y en concomitancia con el pico de infección (momento de mayor carga vírica en el tracto respiratorio), que ocurrió 2 días después de la inoculación (dpi). Esta transcripción se asoció a la inducción de genes estimulados por interferón (ISG) a lo largo de todo el tracto respiratorio. Simultáneamente a la infiltración focal leve de leucocitos en la mucosa nasal y submucosa, también se observó una regulación positiva de la citocina antiinflamatoria IL10 y una transcripción amortiguada de genes proinflamatorios bajo control de NF-κB. En el pulmón, la transcripción temprana (1 dpi) de quimiocinas (CCL2 y CCL3) se correlacionó con una acumulación leve y transitoria de leucocitos principalmente mononucleares. Una regulación estricta de los IFNs en los pulmones con expresión de ISG y una respuesta inflamatoria controladas podría contribuir a la eliminación del virus sin causar daño tisular. Por tanto, la mucosa nasal, la principal diana del MERS-CoV en los camélidos, es fundamental para impulsar una respuesta inmune innata eficaz basada en la activación de ISG, así como en los efectos antiinflamatorios duales de los IFNs de tipo III y la IL10.
Todos los virus epidémicos contemporáneos pertenecen al clado B. Por lo tanto, las cepas de MERS-CoV del clado B parecen mostrar ventajas adaptativas sobre el clado A en humanos / huéspedes reservorios. En el estudio II de esta tesis doctoral se comparó una cepa de clado A epidémico temprano (EMC / 2012) con una cepa de clado B (Jordan-1/2015) en un modelo de alpaca que evaluó parámetros virológicos e inmunológicos. Además, la cepa Jordan-1/2015 tiene una deleción parcial de aminoácidos (aa) en el motivo de unión del ARN bicatenario (ds) de la proteína del marco de lectura abierto 4a (ORF4a). Los animales inoculados con la cepa Jordan-1/2015 tuvieron una mayor replicación de MERS-CoV en el tracto respiratorio y una mayor diseminación viral nasal, lo que indica una aparente mejor aptitud y capacidad de transmisión que su contraparte de la cepa del clado A. En la mucosa nasal, la cepa Jordan-1/2015 provocó una respuesta de IFNs temprana a 1 dpi, lo que confirma el papel de ORF4a como antagonista de IFNs in vivo. Sin embargo, ambas cepas provocaron la máxima transcripción de ISGs en el pico de la infección (a 2 dpi), correlacionándose con una disminución de las cargas virales tisulares (evidente a 3 dpi). La alineación del genoma reveló varias sustituciones de aa específicas del clado B que se producen en la replicasa y la proteína S; ello podría explicar una mejor adaptación de las cepas del clado B en los camélidos.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a respiratory disease able to cause high mortality in humans. Severe cases associated to MERS-CoV infection are the consequence of the diffuse alveolar damage triggered by the pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and impaired interferon (IFN) responses. By contrast, camelids, the main virus reservoir, are asymptomatic MERS-CoV carriers, suggesting a crucial role for innate immune responses in controlling the infection. In study I of this dissertation, we aim to demonstrate this hypothesis by monitoring the transcription of immune response genes in the respiratory tract of MERS-CoV Qatar15/2015 (clade B strain) infected alpacas. Concomitant to the peak of infection, occurring at 2 days post inoculation (dpi), type I and III IFNs were maximally transcribed only in the nasal mucosa of alpacas, provoking the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) along the whole respiratory tract. Simultaneous to mild focal infiltration of leukocytes in nasal mucosa and submucosa, upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and dampened transcription of pro-inflammatory genes under NF-κB control were observed. In the lung, early (1 dpi) transcription of chemokines (CCL2 and CCL3) correlated with a transient accumulation of mainly mononuclear leukocytes. A tight regulation of IFNs in lungs with expression of ISGs and controlled inflammatory responses, might contribute to virus clearance without causing tissue damage. Thus, the nasal mucosa, the main target of MERS-CoV in camelids, is central in driving an efficient innate immune response based on triggering ISGs as well as the dual anti-inflammatory effects of type III IFNs and IL10.
While MERS-CoV strains from the Middle East region are subdivided into two clades (A and B), all the contemporary epidemic viruses belong to clade B. Thus, clade B MERS-CoV strains must display adaptive advantages over clade A in humans/reservoir hosts. Therefore, in study II of this dissertation, we compared an early epidemic clade A strain (EMC/2012) with a clade B strain (Jordan-1/2015) in an alpaca model monitoring virological and immunological parameters. Further, the Jordan-1/2015 strain has a partial amino acid (aa) deletion in the double stranded (ds) RNA binding motif of the open reading frame ORF 4a protein. Animals inoculated with the Jordan-1/2015 strain had higher MERS-CoV replicative capacities in the respiratory tract and larger nasal viral shedding, indicating a better fitness and transmission capability than its clade A strain counterpart. In the nasal mucosa, the Jordan-1/2015 strain provoked an early IFN response on 1-day post inoculation (dpi), confirming the role of ORF4a as an IFN antagonist in vivo. However, both strains provoked at the peak of infection (on 2 dpi) maximal transcription of ISGs correlating with decreased tissular viral loads observed on 3 dpi. Genome alignment analysis revealed several clade B specific aa substitutions occurring in the replicase and the S protein which could explain a better adaptation of clade B strains in camelid hosts.
Overall, the results exposed in the present thesis highlight the complex interactions between MERS-CoV and host factors through which camelids control the infection in a short period of time. In addition, MERS-CoV strains are still evolving acquiring enhanced replicative fitness as shown in alpacas in the present study. This is reflected in the field by the dominance of MERS-CoV clade B strains over early epidemic clade A strains in humans and camelids.Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Medicina i Sanitat Animal
3 punten om in gedachten te houden bij internationale vergelijkingen
No full textHoewel het verleidelijk is om aansprekende voorbeelden uit het buitenland als inspiratiebron te gebruiken voor de Nederlandse praktijk van gebiedsontwikkeling, zijn er ook goede redenen om voorzichtig om te gaan met internationale vergelijkingen. Hoogleraar gebiedsontwikkeling Co Verdaas en SKG-directeur Tom Daamen delen drie inzichten over de zin en onzin hiervan.Urban Development ManagementPractice Chair Urban Area Developmen
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